Spamalot Response Essay Example for Free

Spamalot Response EssayA turn tail about a King on a quest for a magic grail, by the sound of that it seems equal this is just some ordinary play, tho no this is Spamalot. Spamalot is a comedy where everything is humorous and light hearted. There are many things I sock about this play including the distinguish and costumes, these two elements authoritatively do the play better to me. However, one rise that could have been made was the visible light in the play.As the curtains of the theater opened up I dictum a big castle with huge wooden doors and a balcony. In this first scene I was blown a means by the size of this set piece and was truly amazed by the detail. unity of my preferent things about this set piece is how the characters were using it for more than just a castle, for instance when the face was turned into a cave. I thought it was very clever how the curtains dropped down from the balcony to create the cave. An interesting point about the set is how it wasnt just a flat backdrop to have in the backg smooth, it was three-dimensional, like the fact that there were windows that actually opened and closed as well as a real balcony that the actors went up on. My favorite scene was one where the Frenchmen were up on the balcony mocking King Arthur and the rest of the Knights of the round table, this was one of the funniest moments of the play. Another thing about this set that really amazed me was the realization of how much time it took to build this, but it made the difference and was completely worth it.The one and only thing that I did not like about this play was the lighting. Throughout the play I wanted different lighting effects to surprise me but most of the time I felt like it wasjust a general wash and nothing else. I think if there was a variety of different types of lights the play would have been more interesting. Although there was one lighting effect that I loved, when the light bulbs starting twinkling along the perim eter of the stage I was surprised and mesmerized by this effect, it really improved the performance. differently I felt the selection of lights was boring and dull. One scene where I think they could have utilize this variety of lights was when King Arthur came across the Knights of Ni. In this scene they were lost in the woods, I think a good effect would be to darken the lights slightly and maybe change the color of the light so it would feel more like they were in a forest.The costumes were my second favorite thing about this play. My favorite costumes throughout the play were the Knights of Ni. I think it was a mix of them changing thepitch of their voices and the costumes that made me really enjoy their part. I loved how their cloaks fell down to the floor and covered their entire body, consequently they had the leaves on their shoulders which showed they lived in a forest with many plants and vegetation. Another costume I really like was Herberts father, the long purple ca pe he wore reminded me of old cartoons. He looked exactly how I would word-painting him in my head. Although I liked these costumes the best, I thought all the costumes were amazing.This play has many great aspects including the costumes and set that amazed the audience. Although this play was very good I did feel there could have been an improvement in the variety of lights used during the performance. To sum up the entire play it was funny every second of the way and was a show to go see.

The Hemingway Hero Essay Example for Free

The Heming counseling Hero EssayMany brave men and women in the military have been exalt by someone or something to put their life on the line for the sake of their coun subdue. John McCain and his despairing efforts during the Vietnamese war are a colossal example of how the Hemingway Hero inspires people in the humans today. John McCain gets his inspiration from Ernest Hemingways 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, in which he says he wants to be upright alike(p) the main character Robert Jordan (Stamburg). John McCain spent five and a half years in captivity in North Vietnam as a Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy. The Vietnamese offered to pit McCain free still if he would not go with come forward the release of his fellow Navy comrades saying, I just didnt think it was the awardable thing to do. As result, McCain endured many brutal tortures and harsh mistreatment. Finally in March 1973, after five and a half years of oppression John and other America ns held draped were released. (Nowicki and Muller) While John McCain is a real life hero, Frederick Henry in Ernest Hemingways A word of farewell to Arms, is a different kind of hero the Hemingway Hero.A Hemingway Hero is one who exhibits the principle(s) of honor, courage, bra real, and endurance, one who has qualities that make a man a man and is able to more than just improvise in trivial situations but also demonstrates a big heart. A Hemingway Hero is one who always gets back up when the gentlemans gentleman knocks him down and never loses his integrity, one who is humble, has high moral codes, and puts others onwards himself. (Acker) Frederick Henry displays all these traits and more in Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms because he is unafraid of demolition, shows shortsighted emotion when to a lower place pressure, and finds stolid pleasure from food and take in, hence making Frederick Henry a Hemingway Hero because of how he shows bravery, courage, and endurance during spoiled times.The Hemingway Hero is not afraid of death but tries to avoid it (Acker). Frederick Henry displays this characteristic when he is in the trench and the mortar knockouts. Frederick knew the danger that he was going to be in when he told Catherine he was going to a show and went regardless not torment about the consequences, Im leaving instanter for a show up above Plava I dont think its anything (Hemingway 43). When the mortar hits and Frederick nearly dies, he still tries to help save fellow ambulance driver, Passini, disregarding his own injury and demonstrates honor and courage in exhausting to accomplish this impossible feat, I tried to get closer to Passini to try to put a tourniquet on the legs but I couldnt move I sit down beside him, undid my tunic and tried to rip the tail of my shirt (Hemingway 55). Frederick also shows that he is not afraid of death when he is in the ambulance after the mortar hits. A man above him is having a hemorrhage and th e broth is falling down upon Frederick and he stays unusually calm as if it barely bothered him only trying to move sideways so that it does not fall on him(Hemingway 61) displaying great courageousness and humbleness.After Frederick recoers from his human knee injury at the hospital, he wants to return to the front not caring about the fact that he nearly gets killed there viewing that he is not afraid of the risk of getting injured again let alone getting killed. The death of Catherine was another example of how Frederick Henry is unafraid of death. When Catherine dies, Frederick states that there was no use to say goodbye because it was like talking to a statue, But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasnt any good. It was like saying adios to a statue (Hemingway 332). So he leaves and walks to his hotel as if life goes on and he should not dwell on Catherines passing implying that what happens happens and he should just move on (Hemingwa y). These examples show that death does not unnerve Frederick and he still tries to accomplish his goals courageously and with honor like a true Hemingway Hero.The Hemingway Hero shows very little emotion when he is under pressure (Acker). Frederick exhibits this characteristic when he shoots a sergeant who would not follow his orders to help cut the brush but tried to escape fearing being overtaken by the Austrians, I opened up my holster, took the pistol, aimed it at the one who had talked the most, and fired (Hemingway 206). Frederick who has never shot a gun before did not hesitate to shoot the sergeant displaying great bravery. Frederick also shows very little emotion under pressure when he jumps into the river eluding the battle police accusing him of treachery, I ducked down, pushed between two men, and ran for the river and went in with a splash (Hemingway 225). Frederick saw an opportunity and simply took advantage.He did not think twice showing great courage and tenaci ty. Despite being shot at, There were shots when I ran and shots when I came up (Hemingway 225), Frederick took his chances without worrying about the possible repercussions. Frederick further demonstrates little emotion when under pressure when he rows Catherine and himself on a boat from Italy to Switzerland. He rowed all night and his hands were so sore that he could hardly close them over the oars (Hemingway 271). Catherine insisted on rowing and giving him a break but Frederick declined despite the seemingly intolerable pain, allow me row awhile, Catherine said. I dont think you ought to, Frederick opposed (Hemingway 274). Frederick elucidates immense endurance in trying to complete this ambitious conquest like only a true Hemingway Hero would.The Hemingway Hero finds brutal pleasure from food and drink (Hemingway Hero). Frederick illustrates this characteristic when he eats spaghetti with the captain. Frederick goes into great detail on the way he eats the spaghetti very qu ickly and seriously, lifting the spaghetti on the fork until the loose strands hung receptive wherefore sinister it into the mouth (Hemingway 7). Frederick also displays this characteristic by how everyone who comes to visit him in the hospital gives Frederick a bottle of wine, This is a bottle of vermouth (Hemingway 69). Frederick finds great pleasure in alcohol especially with all the pain that comes with the mortar hit and he drinks so much to the point where he eventually gets jaundice. Frederick also proves this characteristic with how he goes into great detail when eating the macaroni and cheese before the mortar hits, I put my thumb and my fingers into the macaroni and lifted.A piling loosened I lifted it to arms length and the strands cleared. I lowered it into my mouth, sucked and snapped in the ends, and chewed, then took a bite of cheese, chewed, and then a drink of the wine(Hemingway 53-4). Frederick also makes manifest of this characteristic when he tries to cope w ith the death of his newborn child. Frederick goes and eats and drinks to try to get away from death and his problems. He drank several(prenominal) glasses of beer and was not thinking at all (Hemingway 329).Frederick tries to get pleasure from the food and drink to release stress, clear his mind, and calm his nerves. Like any Hemingway Hero would do, Frederick attempts to avoid death. And he uses his sensual pleasure for food and drink to help him do so. In Conclusion, a Hemingway Hero has to be able to more than just improvise in trivial situations, but also demonstrates a big heart with bravery and courage (Acker) and Frederick does so many times throughout A Farewell to Arms with how he is unafraid of death, how he shows little emotion when under pressure, and how he finds sensual pleasure from food and drink.

Hard and Soft System Methodology

Hard and Soft System Methodology fundament on that point be two governances sentiment namely hard and soft which are used to adjudicate the problems. Peter Checkland (1981) suggested that Hard system thinking which is identified in system engineering and system depth psychology has the starting point in structured problems and assumes that the objectives of the system are clear and stable. This system thinking has a formulated way to dissolve the real world problems. On the other hand, Soft system thinking which attempts to structure a debate ab place actions in problem solving has the start point in unstructured problems within social natural act upon systems. Fixitup Toys limited is a manufacturer of toy dogs which evolves outdoor and indoor games, self-assembly models and toy soldiers. There has been whatever concern most their rising cost of manufacture and consideration has been given to the outsourcing of some or part of the production. The vision of the Fixitup seni or management group is to optimize manufacture processing to produce the highest superior and most advanced products by using E-business conforming to the ply manufacturing principles and integrating into their established QAD Application.In order to achieve these goals, we need to apply the principles of lean manufacturing. There are several key lean manufacturing principles includingUnderstand value in the eyes of the customer.Achieve perfect first-time property.Continue improvement.Respect for humanity.Create pull. (Asefeso, 2011)after Gathering instruction from all aspects of the company the following steps forget be takenAs can be seen, the Rich Picture is an unstructured way of capturing selective data flows, communication and human activity to represent complex problems and identify possible routes through to their solution (Berg, 2013). Avison and Fitzgerald (2003) stated that the Rich Picture is ministrant since1. Lack of space on the paper forces decisions on what is really important.2. It helps people to visualize and discuss their bear role in the organization.3. It helps defining the aspects of the organization which are intended to be covered by the information system.4. It helps showing up the worries of individuals, potential conflicts, and political issues. (Avison Fitzgerald, 2003)With reference to the Rich Picture, there are following problems in Fixitup.Since about 74% of customers saw the service and quality as moderate or worse, the issue of quality of products must be considered. Further, a powerful information system helps different level managements for planning, decision making, purport setting and their implementations (Stephanou, 1982).Therefore, quality mold system and information management system are important and they leave alone be discussed.Resource Resource Investment RequirementComments VOC was not heard because there was no effectual communication surrounded by the company and its customers.Remarks By estab lishing a design surgical incision and integrating this section with the merchandising department the customer feedback can be incorporated into the design.Comments Lack of checklists caused the absence of the systematic process of QC hence, the chances of defects being ignored is considerably high.Actions The design department and the quality team will be incorporate to make water checklists according to the quality required.Comments Since there was no analysis of the defective products, the defects were being ignored therefore they were persistent.Actions lease a quality control team who will be responsible for doing analysis, recording data and providing feedback.Comments There was no coherence between the departments to respond to the quality issues.Actions Develop communication channels between the supervisors and the technical, procurance and design departments in order to create coherence towards quality improvement.Comments There was no system for unequivocal and ob serve the woodland Control Process.Actions Train the factory double-decker on the QC process and how he should interfere in basis of analysing quality data and controlling the system. He will seek technical advice from technical, procural and design department for a recrudesce monitor lizarding of the system.Comments Monitoring and evaluation of the information system are missing.Actions Helen who is responsible for Internal Affairs and George can be trained for the information system and perform monitoring the system.ConclusionThere are different problems in Fixitup which resulted in dissatisfaction of the customers. Due to having permanently relevance and alike being expected to map on to an organizational boundary, the transformation from inefficient manufacturing to efficient manufacturing which has marketable products is imitation as the primary task process (Wilson and Van Haperen, 2015). Although discrimination between primary task- based and issue-based is practical ly debatable, it seems quality control and information management systems are issue-based which help the primary task to be carried out (Waring, 1996).The current strategy of Fixitup is to optimize manufacture processing to produce the highest quality and most advanced products by using E-business conforming to the lean manufacturing principles and integrating into their established QAD Application. After drawing the rich picture the primary(prenominal) problems of the organization were revealed. The strategic construct which was used was classification schemes of issues which helped to identify the differentiating characteristics necessary to improve quality control and information management systems (Verma and Boyer, 2000). Further, the system construct used for quality control was input and output moulding of such system involves modelling of each process separately considering the connection between them (Apolloni, Howlett and Jain, 2007). In addition, the system construct use d for information management system was integrated elements in which different elements including communication, information and resources were integrated for the success of the system (Khan and Burn, 2013).Otley and Berry (1980) argued that four conditions must be satisfied before any process can be said to be controlled. In the existing situation there was no wholeness responsible for monitoring the systems and consequently, there was no capacity to take corrective actions (Emmanuel, Otley and Merchant, 2013).However, in the proposed systems, George and Helen were nominated to monitor the systems. To sum up, the details of the two systems will be discussed in the following tables.System name and shellQuality Control Process The input and output system construct.Role of informationDue to leave out of information about the requirements of customers and standard criteria set by the management, the products were just inspected for the appearance by the operators. Therefore, the app lication of information which was vital to improve the quality of products was missing and consequently the reputation of the factory was being worsening.Information compulsory to developIn order to use the information to improve the quality of products we need to knowQuality Criteria After hearing the voice of customers and considering the strategy of the company the criteria for quality of products such as weight, shape and actual should be prepared in a simple format.Training of Workers There was no information about the training of operators and even management in terms of quality control.Historic quality data The diachronic quality data including survey reports, the number of different products produced, the number of return items should be available for better assessment of the quality of products.Coherence between QC and departments There was no information as any department is dealing with quality matters. Further, there was no information about communication between oper ators and departments, if any, in terms of quality of products.More information is needed to evaluate the possibility of automating the QC department.InterventionIn order to solve the problem of quality of products the following actions are suggestedDevelop a design department and integrate this department with the marketing department so that the customer feedback can be incorporated into the design.The design department and the quality team should be integrated to prepare a checklist according to the quality required.The quality control team will be responsible for doing analysis, record data and providing feedback.Develop a communication channel between the supervisor and the relevant technical departments in order to create coherence towards quality improvement.Factory manager should intervene in terms of analysing quality data and control the system.RisksEven after the intervention, the following hazard associated with quality of products existEven after the successful QC audi t, there is a chance that the toys will match while transferring/ packing.The Technical and procurement departments might not react to the QC feedback.There might be a friction between the Factory manager and the design team in terms of accepting innovative designs.There might be dissatisfaction of factory workers due to job enrichment without a pay increase.Cost attain AnalysisIn order to assign a monetary value to the benefits, we need more information to predict the revenue accurately as well as intangible benefits (Mindtools.com, 2016). Having good quality products will result in increasing the loyalty of existing customers and acquisition of new customers and consequently, it will increase the revenue.In contrast, the firm may incur some costs to apply the changes. In this case, we do not realize enough information about the existing departments and the expertise of employees. Assuming that none of the employees

Customers Expectations Versus Management Perceptions

nodes Expectations Versus Management PerceptionsEating is observably a daily action and necessity for in all human beings. Depending on individuamyotrophic lateral sclerosis reason for eating at restaurants, individual intentionally or instinctively pass judgment a multifarious set of attributes ahead of choosing a restaurant. The signifi derrierece involved to these restaurant attributes is ultimately evaluated in the nodes mind, leading to a decision of purchasing (Johnson and Champaner, 2004). Thus, this ruminate is to investigate how much wait on character reference can view an allude on node comfort and property especially in our Mauritian sum up at KFC. As there is a casual inter-relationship amid node blessedness and doer tone, this study aims to find turn up the effectiveness of the assist props of attend to role which leads to node satisfaction and finally to guardianship at KFC. All the master(prenominal) aspects will be analyzed and recommenda tions will be drawn out for better make betterment.Comp some(prenominal) BackgroundHistoryKentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952 and its primary focussing is fried chicken. KFC similarly offers grilled and roasted chicken products, wraps, salads, sandwiches and desserts as well beef based products outdoors the USA. Although the death of Sanders in 1980, he remains a vital part of the firms branding and advertisements, and Colonel Sanders or The Colonel is a metonym for the comp any itself. In 1991, the abbreviated form of its name KFC was adopted by the company.The PresentKFC ope pass judgments to a greater extremity than 5,200 restaurants in the United States and more than 15,000 units around the military personnel. In 109 countries and territories around the world, KFC anyday serves more than 12 million nodes. KFC is world famous for its Original Recipe fried chicken, made with the same secret blend of 11 herbs and spices Colonel Harla nd Sanders improve more than a half century ago. Based on the Fortune 500 List, KFC is ranked on 239 couchs with revenues in excess of $11 billion in 2008. foundation of KFC in MauritiusWith measure, consumers were more demanding for large variation of food and then, the first KFC outlet was launched in Mauritius-1983. Pick N Eat is the company which operates the KFC franchise in Mauritius. KFC has carved a solid reputation as a quick dish restaurant which entrusts lineament products and dish up. Across our island, 18 outlets argon spread out and 10,000 customers daily be enjoying their finger-linking favorites in the consumer-friendly environment.Background of the course of studyIn the fierce competition, the market trend has changed noticeably from agricultural to divine work market. The do sector especially immediate food industry is in a rapid growth and gain a position in the market due to lack of time to prepargon food and dual income families. All of the fast foo d production linees atomic number 18 trying their best to improve their service lineament in roll to contrive customer satisfied and return back to them again. They are concentrating more on service quality in decree to meet the inevitably and expectations of the customer. The more satisfied the customers are, the more likely they are to return to the restaurant. The restaurant industry has undoubtedly not been free from either augmented competition or from increasing customer expectations regarding quality. According to the Kaplan and Norton (2001) the importance of the perceived quality in straddle to get the retention effect in restaurant industry is always considered as a main element to retain in the customers and the business. The main reason behind that in this industry entry barrier are usually low and any one can slowly enter due to investment required that is not on the high side. So the buck is that when ever consumer is fill from the arrangement by the warin ess, the quality of the food stomachd by the staff members with the supportive degree attitude than this publication in increasing the loyalty towards the particular restaurant and increases the retention intensions of the customers. b opposite Statement renovation quality is a vital strategy for any restaurants, success and repeat business and it has long been defined by adopting a rather more customer-oriented view and not by the restaurateur-oriented (Saleh and Ryan, 1991). guest is the key role in any business, without any customer it is difficult to do business. It is necessary to formulate closely with your customer. As customers can similarly create your business, thus, customer is the major part of business and also in the market. Business runs through customer, without the customer there is no business. Due to the increasing competition with other restaurants and quality-conscious customers, it is vital to carry out this look into. There is a need for further impr ovement in decree to face the competitors and meet the increasing customers expectation concerning quality. Based on the actual service quality military operation of KFC, it is important to target if customers are satisfied with the current situation and are likely to retain at KFC or switch to other competitors. Also, to find out the factors of service quality that leads to customer satisfaction and retention. From the higher up reasons, it is important that the service performance meets or exceeds customers and their expectation, the customer will be satisfied. expediency quality is an root of customer satisfaction. explore Objectives-To assess customers expectation and cognition take aim towards service quality.-To analyze the discrepancy faulting amid customers expectation and comprehension level towards service quality.-To identify the discrepancy gap in the midst of customer expectations and employees perceptions at KFC.-To explore the service aspects of the dimens ions which own an influence on customer satisfaction and retention?Research Questions-What is the level of customers expectation and perception towards service quality?-What is the discrepancy gap between customers expectation and perception towards service quality?-What is the discrepancy gap between customer expectations and employees perceptions at KFC?-What are the service aspects of the dimensions which have an influence on customer satisfaction and retention?Aims of the studyThis study is to find out whether the service dimensions have an impact on customer satisfaction and retention at KFC by using the SERVQUAL role model by Parasuraman, Zenithaml, and Berry (1988). It will also explore the service aspects that affect and influence customer satisfaction and retention.Significance of the studyThis study will act as a practical guideline for KFC, especially the management and the front line employees which may increased a higher level of customer satisfaction in the near futu re. The results of this quantitative assessment of service quality may provide some insights into how customers rate the service and assessed customer satisfaction at KFC. The outcomes will utilize as a basis to improve their existing service quality or to develop a new one in revision to meet with the customers needs and satisfy them. Furthermore it will assistance KFC managers to know if they are providing influence fit to the norms established by customers. The management will be able to come up with a strategy for upgrading their service quality which will definitely lead to customer satisfaction and retention. All these views of customers will help KFC to remedy fusss if there are and maintain their service quality.Phases of the discussionIntroductionIn the first chapter, the problem area is discussed with a deeper understanding regarding the research. The problem discussion ends with a research objectives and questions. In the end of this chapter, the contributions of th is research are also presented.Literature ReviewIn the second chapter, the literature review of service qualitys impact on customer satisfaction and retention is discussed with the following resolves of assessing customers expectation, customers and employees perception, identifying their gaps and the influencing service quality aspects.Research Methodology************************************* psychoanalysis*************************************************Conclusion and Recommendation********************************************************ConclusionThe first chapter provided us a background to the outline of the dissertation. It contained the research context, which is, identify the problems, and establish its aims and its objectives, set out the research questions and finally present the outline of the study.Chapter 2- LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter will give an overview of literature and models that presented by writers and journalists. It will support the research objective presented in the preceding chapter. The chapter will elaborate the sentiments of service, service quality, customer satisfaction, customer retention, service quality dimensions, the gaps and others.2.2 ServiceThere are many commentarys concerning the concept of service by researchers. (Parasuraman et al. 1985). Gronroos (1983) defined service as An activity or series of activities of more or less in plains nature that normally, but not necessarily, take place in interactions between the customer and service employees and/or forcible resources or sinceres and / or systems of service provider, which are provided as solutions to customer problems. Service is Any primary or complementary activity that does not repointly. Produce a somatogenic product that is, the non- favourables part of the transaction between customer and provider (Payne, 1993). Whereas Kotler et. al. (1999) defined service as any activity or benefit that one party offers to another which is basic ally in plain and does not result in the ownership of anything, and it may or may not be tied to a physical product. In today market, products heavily rely on its service to acquire competitive advantage and to satisfy customers needs.2.3 Service choiceIn the service industry, service quality has become a crucial tool. Practitioners are interested in the concept of service quality, which has an advantageous effect on outcome performance for the company. Service quality is a critical element of customer perceptions as well as in find customer satisfaction. Various experts have defined service quality differently. Parasuraman et al. (1985) proposed a formal definition of service quality as the degree and direction of discrepancy between customers service perception and expectation. If expectations are great than performance, then perceived quality is less than satisfactory and hence customer dissatisfaction occurs. Asubonteng et al. (1996) defines service quality as the issue to w hich a service meets customers, need and expectation. Hooley, Saunders and Piercy (2004) A prime factor in differentiating the product or service from that of competitors is quality. Quality concerns the fitness for purpose of a product or service. For manufactured products that can entangle the durability, appearance or grade of the product while in go it often comes down to the tangible elements of the go, the reliability and responsiveness of the service provider, the assurance provided of the value of service and empathy, or caring attention, received.2.4 SERVQUAL ApproachThe SERVQUAL framework has come up for the purpose to improve service quality in services and retailing organizations as it has suggest that customer satisfaction is based on multiple factors rather than one. The SERVQUAL method developed by Parasuraman et al. in 1988 is a technique used to perform a gap analysis of an organizations service quality performance against customer service quality needs. Parasura man et al. (1988) came up with five dimensions (grouped with 22 attributes) to measure service quality are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The SERVQUAL instrument is regarded as a reliable method of standard service quality (explore customers expectation and perceptions), which in turn leads to a measurement of customer satisfaction.2.4.1 SERVQUAL DimensionsIn 1985, Parasuraman et al. has identified ten determinants for standard service quality reliability, responsiveness, competence, access, courtesy, communication, credibility, security, understanding or knowing the customer and tangibles. Later, in 1998, Parasuraman et al. refined the model to the efficacious acronym RATER-ReliabilityIt is defined as the ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately or delivering on its promises (Zeithaml et al., 2006, p. 117). It is one of the most important service components for customers as it implies doing it right the first time. The ser vice organizations need to moderate its promise and maintain an error free record. The reliability factor the staff performs tasks that have been promised to guests and resolve problems encountered by guests. For the food beverage industry, reliability can be interpreted to mean fresh food delivered at the correct temperature and accurately the first time (Andaleeb Conway, 2006).AssuranceIt is defined as the ability of staff to ginger up confidence and trustfulness. Assurance is defined as the employees knowledge and courtesy and the service providers ability to inspire trust and confidence (Zeithaml et al., 2006, p. 119). The staff can handle effectively complaints and problems from the guests. Customers are more likely to use tangible evidence to assess the assurance dimension such as awards or special certificates which give a new customer confidence.TangiblesTangible is defined as the physical facilities, equipment, staff appearance and others. It translates to the restaur ants interiors, the appearance and condition of the cutlery, tableware, and uniform of the staff, the appearance and design of the menu, restaurant signage and advertisements (Zeithamal et al., 2006). Tangibles are used by firms to convey image and bless quality (Zeithaml et al., 2006). Customers use this dimension to evaluate the quality.EmpathyEmpathy is the extent to which caring individualized service is given to a customer. The customer is treated as a king. Many small companies use this ability to provide customized services as a competitive advantage over the larger firms (Zeithaml et al., 2006). Empathy may be important to batten customer loyalty as the server knows how the customer likes his or her food prepared. In return, the customer is easily approach and spell out their needs to the service provider. If a company looks its customer as an individual, as result, the company will come as a winner.ResponsivenessResponsiveness is defined as the willingness to help custome rs and provide prompt service (Zeithaml et al., 2006, p. 117). The service provider has the ability to deal customer requests, questions, problems and complaints with attentiveness and punctuality in a timely manner and it is crucial for the customers. In order to be responsive, a service provider has to determine how long it would take to get answer or to solve a problem. To be successful, companies need to look at responsiveness from the view point of the customer rather than the companys perspective (Zeithaml et al., 2006). This dimension captures the notion of flexibility and ability to customize the service according to the customer needs.2.4.2 Service Quality snaps sit downIn 1990, Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry have developed a survey instrument to measure the gap between customers expectation for excellence and their perception of actual service delivered. The SERVQUAL model uses the terms that describe one or more determinants of a quality service encounter. SERVQUAL as the most often used approach for measuring service quality has been to compare customers expectation before service encounter and their perception of the actual service delivered (Gronroos, 1982, Lewis and Booms, 1983 Parasuraman et al., 1985). There are seven major gaps in the service quality concept, out of which bed covering 1, pause 5 and Gap 6 are more associated with the external customers as they have a direct relationship with customers.Figure 1 SERVQUAL or Gaps Model(Zeithaml Parasuaman Berry 1988)Gap 1 Customers expectations versus management perceptionsIt is the knowledge gap which portrays the difference between the management beliefs about customers, expectations and what customers rattling need and expect. This gap happens when there is meager flow of communication upwards, lack of marketing research orientation and too many level of management.Gap 2 Management perceptions versus service specificationsIt is a policy gap where a difference occurs between management perceptions regarding customers expectations and service specifications are set for service delivery. The reasons for this gap are unfeasibility, inadequate commitment to service quality and task standardization as well as an absence of goal setting.Gap 3 Service specifications versus service deliveryIt is the difference between the service specifications and the service delivery teams actual performance on these specifications. The gap is a result of poor employee-job fit, lack of perceived control and lack of teamwork.Gap 4 Service delivery versus external communicationThe communication gap is the difference between what the company communicates and what is actually delivers to the customer. It is due to inadequate horizontal communications and propensity to over- promise.Gap 5 The discrepancy between customer expectations and their perceptions of the service deliveredIt is the difference between what has actually delivered and what customers feel they have received. Customer exp ectations are influenced by the extent of personal needs, past service stupefys and word of mouth recommendation. The difference occurs when customers are influenced and service provider has shortfalls.Gap 6 The discrepancy between customer expectations and employees perceptionsThe service quality gap is what the customers expect to receive and their perception of the service that is actually delivered. There is a difference in the understanding of customer expectations by front-line service provider.Gap 7 The discrepancy between employees perceptions and management perceptionsThis gap is mainly an internal difference in the organization such as differences in understanding of customer expectations between management and employees.2.3 Customer gratificationCustomer satisfaction is the heart of marketing. Customer satisfaction is the customers evaluation of the service or product against if their needs and expectations are meant. Richard L. Oliver (1997, P.13) define customer satisf action as Satisfaction is the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment. Satisfaction is influenced by customers emotional responses, their attributions and their perceptions of equity. As Kotler (2000, p.36) defined that satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or shame resulting from comparing a products perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectation. Johnston and Clark (2005) defined Service as the combination of outcomes and experience delivered to and receives by a customer. Customers therefore judge the quality of the service on the experience as well as the outcome.2.5 Customer RetentionLovelock (2004) illustrates importance of customer retention The hardest part of a business is customer retention. If a company does not retain its customers, inevitably it will fail. Marketing essentially means keeping cus tomer loyalty. When an organization is able to retain a customer in a good way, the customers will be loyal with the firm for lifetime. Laura Lake (2010) defined Customer retention is not solely a cost effective and profitable strategy, but in todays business world its necessary. This is especially straightforward when you remember that 80% of your sales come from 20% of your customer and clients.. Hill and Alexander (2006) defined It is suitable accepted that there is a operose link between customer satisfaction, customer retention and profitability. afterwards providing all service to customer, means that the organization understands customer expectation well, according to the customer expectation, organization provide all service and customer is loyal to the organization. It makes profit for the organization and organization has to retain by providing continues good services, more better customer satisfaction and that will be profitability for the organization. So, organizati on has to make strong relation with customers.2.6 Customers expectations and perceptions2.6.1 Customers expectationsConsumers expect to be delivered quality products and services therefore expectations play an important role in the customer satisfaction formation. The term expectations really matters to companies because they want to know what customers expectations are. According to Oliver (1981) expectations are consumer-defined probabilities of the occurrence of positive and negative final results if the consumer engages in some behavior. Customers form their expectations from their past experience, friends advice, and marketers and competitors information and promises. Organizations in order to keep expectations from rising, they have to perform services properly from the first time (Parasuraman et al. 1988). Thus, customer expectations for the service are likely to travel when the service is not performed as promised. Expectations serve as reference points in customers asses sment of performance (Cronin Taylor, 1992). The purpose of trying to understand customers expectations is to try to ensure that service can be designed and delivered in order to meet those expectations. If the operation meets the expectations, or indeed exceeds them, then customers are satisfied with the service. If they are satisfied they are more likely to become valuable customers who not only use the service again, but are positively disposed towards it and may even recommend it to other Johnston and Clark (2005). Therefore, the perceived service quality is viewed as the difference between consumers perceptions and expectations for the service provided.2.6.2 Customers perceptionsMc Kenna (2000) is of opinion that perception is a vital process in a persons life where he or she has to manage and interpret a situation or an event to define a particular respond. Service firms must understand the concept of service quality from the point of view of the customer, not from the view poi nt of the service firm or service provider. Besides, customer perceives services in the response to quality pertaining to the service and the extent to which they are satisfied with the overall service with their experiences (Zeithaml and Bitner 2003). The customer satisfaction is determined by the customers perceptions and expectations of the service quality. Customer perceives services in terms of the quality of the service and how satisfied they are overall with their experience. The customers perception varies from customer to customer and each one has different beliefs towards the services that play a crucial role in determining customer satisfaction. Therefore, customer perception and customer satisfaction are very closely linked together, because if the perceived service is close to customers expectations it leads to satisfaction. Satisfied customers provide recommendations maintain loyalty towards the company and customers in turn are more likely to pay bell premiums (Reich held, 1996). As such, perceived service quality is a key component of customer satisfaction.2.7 Relationship between service quality and customer satisfactionA great emphasis need to be heightened on service quality and customer satisfaction. Sureshchandar et al, (2003) identified that strong relationships exist between service quality and customer satisfaction while emphasizing that these two are conceptually distinct constructs from the customers point of view. Spreng and Mackoy (1996) also showed that service quality leads to customer satisfaction while working on the model developed by Oliver (1997). Customer satisfaction and the quality of food have long been acknowledged as a essential function for success and endurance in competitive marketplace that have been connected to consumer behavioral intentions as get and loyalty intention, their willingness to widen positive word of mouth, recommendation, and complaint intention (Olsen, 2002). Customers perceived service quality ha s a positive effect on customer satisfaction.2.8 Relationship between service quality and customer retentionService Quality is viewed as a vital means for customer retention. Service quality is regarded as one of key factors for service differentiation and competitive advantage for a business. It has been argued that service excellence enhances customers goal to buy again, to buy more, to buy other services, to become less price sensitive, and to tell others about their positive experiences (Anderson and Fornell, 1994 Anderson et al.,1994 Rust et al., 1995 Zeithaml et al., 1996 Bolton et al., 2000). A study by Zeithaml et al. (1996), determines that service quality influences different intentions, such as swelled recommendations, doing more business, and willingness to pay more. When customers perceive that they are receiving better quality service for their money, they believe they are receiving good value, which increases their loyalty to the service provider (Bolton et al., 200 0).3.0 Comparison between authorsMany researchers and writers have their own opinion regarding service quality, customer satisfaction and customer retention. These opinions will definitely shed light and need to determine which is more applicable in this research work. Service quality has many definitions but the most common is the match of customers expectation and their experience. Asubonteng et als definition is more relevant to this study as it describe as the extent to which a service meets customers, need and expectation. The SERVQUAL model is valued as an all purpose measurement and Parasuraman et als definition has used in this study. Some authors define the service quality gaps model similarly as a mean to measure customers expectation and customers perception. The SERVQUAL dimensions in this study have mostly used the definition of Zeithaml et al which are Reliability- to perform dependably and accurately, Assurance- knowledge, courtesy, trust and confidence, Tangibility- the physical evidence of the service, Empathy- caring individualized service to customer, Responsiveness- the willingness to help. Oliver, Kotler, Johnston and Clark illustrate customer satisfaction as a positive response of the consumers expectation. Customer retention becomes a necessity for the success of a business. Oliver, Johnston and Clark agreed with the fact that customers expectation should be understand in order to design better service and meet their expectation. Then, the customer will be satisfied and Parasuraman et al. explained that in order to increase the level of expectation, the task must be done properly at the first time itself. Regarding customers perception, Mc Kenna, Zeithaml and Bitner share the same opinion that it the way of customer to interpret their experience and if they are satisfied.4.0 industriousness of the possibleness at KFCInternationally, a service quality assurance team conducts regular surveys in every KFC restaurant in every country. The evaluation is mainly attributed by the aspects of CHAMPS including cleanliness, hospitality, accuracy, maintenance, product quality standard and repair of service. This is to evaluate the customers experience whether they are satisfied or not with the products and services.In Mauritius, KFC has already executed the theory of service quality and conduct survey regarding the services locally. A Hazard Analysis Critical stop Point (HACCP) program is implemented in order to identify, evaluate and control any physical and environmental hazards in the work place. KFC restaurants in Mauritius are constantly checked through internal audits and checks by the produce company with the aspects of CHAMPS. KFC has its own training center recognized by the franchisor for their staffs and also have achieved National Quality Award. The most significant policy of KFC is evaluating the customers experience with KFC restaurants, whether they are satisfied or not with the products and services, and t hey can also put their comments and suggestions for further improvements of the products and services of KFC. Today for Mauritians, KFC restaurants has become the preferred eating floater, living and amusement spots for the families and young people especially.5.0 ConclusionThe literature review shows some general agreement by writers that the concept of service quality is an antecedent of customer satisfaction and retention. High service quality will plain lead to high levels of customer satisfaction and result in customer retention. Finally, the SERVQUAL Model was established as a widely used and reliable method of measuring service quality.

Risk Management For Huawei

danger Management For HuaweiHUAWEI is a strong cognize company Providing Telecommunication traffic all over the world moreover put on the lines toleratenot be ignored. The Purpose of this manual of arms is to fork up suggestion to handle the ventures in the company functional atomic number 18asThe manual feces be helpful in mentioning the efficiency of the risk solicitude system of rules. too fecal matter be unspoilt in less attention risk areas. It give utilization the standards, form _or_ system of government and strategy of Huawei to severalize the tools of the risk counselling system.The risk focal point should be parallel activity and mustiness be well documented.For easy reason the risk direction system is divided in three grades. storey 1Development of Strategy and vision for the risk caution system with clear goals. This is beneficial for the awareness of the company employees. The engagement of the employees will enlarge the success of risk wat chfulness. take chances aware finale will mend and spurt better of Risk circumspection.This stage included the devisening, posts and responsibilities, communication, resources and bringing up of having level.Stage 2In stage2 the proposal for various areas are considered in risk management, which identify the proper of individual area and various kind of planning is needed, a break a itinerary should be create among the employes regarding risk management.Industry and market risk blood client and market, product and innovationOperational risks including Safety systems, Environmental risks, clement reliability, Organizational riskFinancial risks the risk associated to any form of pay (credit, market)Stage 3In stage 3 identification of the wreak and the way of application in each individual area and the way to inter depart build the process of risk management.Risk Identification Manual in practical Statistics as inputRisk AssessmentIn the culture of the company the infor mation close the risk management should be essential part.Risk Response and Risk overtop.Proper Training of Risk outline.To identify the need of nurture for the people whose responsibility is coordinating and implementing the risk management. The manual does not give direction for each area specifically, but will be the general guidance to need of implementation of risk management The responsible person in each area wil analyze and little knowledgeThat will make risk management successful.Competency constitution in Risk AnalysisAn billetment whitethorn use a numerous methods and technique when risk mapping is implement . For risk analysis, in that respect are a wide range of techniques usedHAZOP/HAZAN/FMEA/FTA Studiesstatistical analysis of past incidentsConsequence modelingRisk level all-embracing Quantitative Risk AssessmentsMonte Carlo simulations purpose of individual/societal risksDetermination of environmental risksIn the light of the above manual personnel in the validation will occupy required experience for the described techniques. The policy will include evaluating the cogency strength and weakness of the skills. It will alike identify and shape the risks which apply to different people workings in various surgical incisions.The objectiveization of sophisticated methods used by experts.Creation of risk mitigation a vast with control jut out with the option of implimintation.The input should be provided for the development of organization risk management system.Authorization of Risk Traning.The Managers working with other departments should be responsible for traning.Approval should be do by take place management and ensure of the planning..Relation to the market with competency considerations.Operational risksThe risk factors may be caused due to deliveries and financial situation on the supplies side.one of the factor is long term dependency to supplier.Safety Regulations should be implemented.Production riskRisk Analysis Re quirementsSupplier riskInformation Risk.Financial Risk.The Hauwei has made efforts to control Risks in its acatvities.Due to the expansion of the company internationally, saucy partners are entered and IT dependency augments new risks are created. Huawei has been affected due to currency inflation in the market. To lower these kind of risk arises from foreign currency ex lurch Huawei use specie equivalents, financial receivables, debt of light and long term.Types of Financial RiskChange in Currency conversion rateInterest ratesAssets lost efficient risk. Management ReviewTo see status of the project and resource assignation management review is through with(p). The analysis results of audits, burden and corrective actions is done by management rivew.Due to management review some decisions lay about(predicate) be made like increase resourcesImrovement in risk management process,machines,manpower etcThe information management system suffer be introduced and be the out put f or management review..Some methods we can useSWOTThis technique is used on finding strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats and then analysis of risk on the grounding of our finding. In Huawei we keep on conduct SWOT analysis which can help in identifying and managing of risk..Break follow throughRisk in break down is of great importance and should be checked regularly and preventive metre should be taken to minimize.Product Liabilitiesliability like people must be kept into deliberation.Accept RiskSome of the risk may be of low importance and just accept without removing.The significant business risk may be formal and must be immovable by senior managers.Avoid RiskAvoidance risk is to change business practices and no more exposed to specific risk.Transfer RiskTo share some of the risk with other is called transfer risk we can take Insurance policy as a example.Risk management organizational levelsEach member of the organization has to play a habit in management system cont rol,as it is the process dependent on the people.The role of individual people in risk control varies in organization .The most top management should check the rules for risk management and control.every body in the organization should bear responsibility of controlling the risk.COMPTENCE ANALYSIScompetency analysis in an organization can be done by interviewing the individuals or the teams and asses what postulate to be done to improve the situation in fix to minimize the risk of failure. In order to understand competency analysis we have to describe the level of competence so that we could study the risks involved in different areas of the organization.A target framework derived from business strategies, plans, objectives and targets.Analysis of strategical compulsions, gathered from the obtained framework. Covering all aspects of changes required regarding to that framework. Strategic, critical,declining and core competencies.Level of competence is different in different areas of an organization, depending upon the roles and responsibilities of the employees. We can make a competency model by dividing the organization into teams depending on their ability, experience and skills with more focus in the risk management area. In this way we will be able to see the big competencies in different departments. We split the competence levels into the following threeLowMediumHighCOMPETENCE subprogramcompetency mapping is the process from which we can asses and get wind the strength of workforce of employees to avoid any kind of risks. The employees play an important role in the success and development of an organization.We can use the competence mapping to identify the knowledge of the employees in risk management and then fill the faultings with the educate.Competence mapping is a chart that shows the specification level. The present competence level and required level is marked in the chart with the diversified lines. The offend mingled with the lin es points out the required developments that must be addressed in the competence development plan. When the competence levels are appreciated, the competence mapping can be drawn.COMPETENCE GAPSIt is essential to define the competence possible actions of the employers because the performance of the employers depends in large part of skills of the employers. It is also very important for many organizations to define which skills, that the employers must have, are necessary for that particular area of the organization.Analyzing the Competence scissure help us to identify which competence in risk management is needed for each employee. We can identify these gaps by comparing the topical situation of the workforce and our future needs. If we have a rating between Current Requirements and Future Requirements and it is larger than the Competency that we posses that means we have a competency gap. This helps them improve and provide an environment for the implementation of risk managem ent system.PLANNING FOR IMPROVED COMPETENCE SHORT RANGE AND LONGRANGERisk management can not be seen as one time project, it has to modify and followed up all time. It is needed a plan for the improvement of the competence in order to make it works. Also it is very important to have a plan for meliorate the competence in a short and long range. After the evaluation of the risk management knowledge of the employees, the plan for the competence pedagogy short range will be developed. one time the competence gaps are found out, here are the required staple steps that must befollowed in order to develop a plan to overcome those gaps and to improve the competencies.Finding out the key skills required by the organizationEvaluate the personals To evaluating the personals and examine their levels in each of the relevant competencies.Requesting a feedback from stakeholders, colleagues and managers.Ordering and prioritizing the gaps When it comes to foc utilise on closing the gaps, risk m anagement department should choose the best option or way to cope it. It could beanother training class or a session with subject matters, reading for self-reformation subjects and so forthControlling the progress The final step for the overcoming the competence gaps and improving them process should be supervise the process that the risk department or direction have taken to increase the personnels competence levels. Once the committee is convinced that the target level for the personals is reached, they can taut and improve the gap and move to the next priority area.IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE COMPETENCE education IN RISK ANALYSIS SYSTEMSince the word competence is quite important for the duty performance, the role of managers to do the planning and implementation of training process is very critical. So, they should be very attendingful before and during the training process, since their misunderstandings could lead up the unexpected risks.Creating a training material is i mportant to be ensure that this training is delivered to the right personnel at the right time.It is undeniable that using competency training and competency assessment provide theorganization to reduce risk and to improve performance by developing competency frameworks. Below, there are rules that should be taken into account when creating or implementing a competence training system in a risk analysis systemIt is important for employees to be able to actualize their performance what they have learned during the training process and to be encouraged to apply their thoughts and opinions into the real case. This will allow them to be clear and be more exact while they identify, evaluate and analyzing the risk. It is clear that competence training is used deep down the risk analysis system of an organization in order to increase efficiency of employees current job performance.Competence training system should be well integrated to risk analysis system so that the attendances are dy namical participants and able to create solutions to reduce the risk of the organization during and after the training system.A risk analysis system can be well done by applying the competence training to risk committee.This can provide the employers a better understanding and gives some real ideas in the field of risk management.PLANS FOR SECURING THE COMPETENCE NEEDEDThere is a need of reviewing the strategy for securing the competence needed, A plan for spreading the information within the company has to be reviewed all the time through the internal trainings, job rotation, documenting all the work done from consultants working in the different areas and spreading the culture of overlap knowledge among the employees. The risk manager has to be working very close to the managers of each area to identify the key persons and not allowing that a gap occurs when the person leaves the company, jeopardizing the projects and products qualitySecuring the competencies for an organization can be guided by an integration approach that is measured by the organizations strategy. As an instance, for an organization, in order to secure the necessary competencies, some actions can be taken much(prenominal) as developing and involving new skills and competence in the right place and right time.Enriching the value of expertise of the organization by clearly identifying the strategicareas.Additional training for the development by ordering and prioritizing the training programs.After the competence are determined, identifying a competence development plan byutilizing from career planning, experts opinion, guidance for recruitment etc.EVALUATION OF TRAINING RESULTSThe evaluation of the trainings demonstrates that if this training has a positive or negative or no impact on the risk area.After be the risk areas and objectives in these risk areas, these objectives can be evaluated by using a post-training evaluation form. About the content, methods, materials and delivery of th e training, the participants opinions can be asked and they can asked to ratetheir satisfactions about these titles. After gathering these risk evaluation forms andparticipants opinions, the training workshops about risk areas can be revised and performed again. In order to evaluate the impact of the training on defined risk areas, an impact monitoring exercise can be performed. This can involve sampling from random trainersevaluations about these training. These evaluations can be a questionnaire which was fulfilled by participants about the trainings.AUDIT OF THE COMPETENCE SYSTEMTo audit the competence of the system, the standards, guidelines and procedures should be identified. Standards determine compulsory requirements for auditing and reporting. They can be auditors skills, knowledge or experience, etc. Also the auditors should use professional judgments in their application. The aim of guidelines is to explain how to obey the auditing standards. away from these standards, g uidelines and procedures, an auditor would be going in search of addressing these issues to audit an organizations respectfulness with the competence.The organization should evaluate the impressiveness of activities taken to meet competence needs and to make certain the needed competence has been gathered.The organization can use many kinds of techniques and tools like role-play,observation, reviews of trainings and employment records, interviews, etc. for theevaluation method of effectiveness of activities.The organization should determine what competencies are needed by team performing work which affects quality.The auditor should determine the approach to define these competencies for organization.To control the quality characteristics of products or processes, the competent personnel should be assigned.The auditor may survey job descriptions, testing or official examination activities,records of management reviews, definitions of responsibilities and authorities, audit records, customer complains, process validation records, etc. to verify the competenceof personnel for the work.IMPROVEMENTS AND CORRECTIVE ACTIONS good opportunities during an audit can be documented to make certain corrections.Also problems can be related with the specific compliance areas and business processes so that racy risk areas can be identified easily.Corrective actions are steps which are taken to address existing non compliance and make improvements. These actions take care of actual problems which have been occurred. They define the cause of these problems and solve them by removing causes. These corrective actions can be defined as problem solving processes. worry costs can be determined so that resources can be set aside to areas where the business would utilize them with best benefit.PREVENTIVE ACTIONSThe organization should define the actions to remove the causes of potential non conformities in order to prevent their occurrence. These actions should be defined properly due to the effectiveness of potential problems. The process of preventive actions can be defined as Define potential problems and their causes.Evaluate the requirement for preventive actions for these problems.Define and execute the action needed.Record the results of preventive action and review it.

Individual Differences A Brief Overview Psychology Essay

exclusive Differences A Brief Overview Psychology judgeA soulfulness differing from another(prenominal)wises is hear able, but how and why a person differs is little clear and is therefore a subject of the study of well-nigh ace differences (Revelle, 2000). Individual differences be the differences among individuals, in regards to a single characteristic or turning of characteristics, which in their totality distinguish one individual from another and hurl oneself a unique individual (Mangal, 2007). Characteristics that define individual differences ground run short be classified into four main categories cultivation Style, dexterity, character and Emotional word of honor.1.2 Learning StyleLearning Style refers to the idea that each individual is several(predicate) in regard to what carriage of coaching or study is al or so intentionful for them (Pashler, et al., 2008). Some learn best by hearing knowledge, temporary hookup others chatter and/or write d witness information (Cherry, 2012). According to David Kolb skill involves the acquireing of rear concepts, which argon the intangible ideas that potentiometer be applied fluidly in a variety of situations, leading to knowledge (McLeod, 2013).Kolbs experience-establish acquirement style conjecture is a four stage education cycle in which in force(p) learn force out only be seen when an individual is able to finish both four stages of the cycle (McLeod, 2013). The cycle consists of Concrete escort wistful Observation Abstract Conceptualization Active Experimentation (McLeod, 2013).Concrete Experience A new experience or situation is encountered, or a reinterpretation of an existing experience.Reflective Observation Surveillance of others or developing interpretations almost ones own knowledge/experience.Abstract Conceptualization Daydreaming/Intuition/ censure leads to a new idea, or a variation of an existing abstract concept learners stool theories to explain obs ervations.Active Experimentation The learner applies its knowledge/experience/observations to the world around them in real succession to see its outcome utilise theories to explain/answer problems and relieve oneself proper judgments.1.3 aptitudeThe term aptitude is well-nightimes treated the same as abilities, in busy when the focus is on prediction of performance in other settings or occasions (Kyllonen Gitomer, 2002). Abilities be cognitive or mental characteristics that affect ones potency to learn or to perform, whereas aptitude includes any number of individual-differences factors that influence ones willingness or chances of learning or performing in(predicate)ly (Kyllonen Gitomer, 2002). Even Aptitude and word of honor Quotient (IQ) carry to relate in view of human mental susceptibility, however, they be in fact quite the opposite. IQ sees wisdom as creation a single measurable characteristic affecting all mental force, whereas aptitude breaks mental b ig melodic lineman down into some divergent characteristics which ar supposed to be more(prenominal) or less indep checkent of distributively other (wikia.com, 2013).Similarly skills, abilities and aptitudes atomic number 18 cogitate but are come apart descriptions of what a person can do, and thus, should not be conflated (wikia.com, 2013). Skills describe what a person has learned to do in the past (wikia.com, 2013) abilities describe what a person can do now (wikia.com, 2013) aptitudes, however, describe a persons effectiveness to learn from the past and apply its learning in the future (wikia.com, 2013). whole these describe what and how a person can learn to do something effectively.1.4 PersonalityPersonality explains the unique characteristics of individuals, as well as analogyships among assorts of people (Cherry, 2011). A person is able to stand out in the crowd collectible its temper this is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in an individual (Cherry, 2011). Although some outer forces can influence how certain characteristics are expressed, temper originates from inner an individual. art object a few characteristics of personality may change with age, personality is likely to remain somewhat reliable during the whole livelihood (Cherry, 2011). The major characteristics of personality are (Cherry, 2011)Personality is Organized and Consistent People incline to communicate certain features of their personality in miscellaneous circumstances and their responses are usually stable.Personality is Psychological, but is influenced by Biological Needs and Processes While an individuals personality might lead him/her to be calm in familiar situations, but when threatened or provoked it might lead him/her to be more aggressive.Personality ca lend oneselfs behaviors to happen People respond to others and objects in their milieu ground on their personality. From private preferences to choice of p rofession, every facet of their organismness is affected by their personality.Personality is displayed through thoughts, feelings, behaviors and more a(prenominal) other ship canal An individuals presence/existence all together releases animation of good or bad vibes depending on how they connect with all that encompasses their surroundings.1.5 Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence (EI) is the efficacy to process emotions (Toyota, 2011) it is the aptitude to monitor ones own and others feelings, to differentiate among them, and to use this information to guide ones thinking and action (Salovey Grewal, 2005). A four-branch model, proposed by Mayer and Salovey, identifies EI as a set of four cerebrate abilities Perceiving, Using, Understanding, and Managing Emotions (Salovey Grewal, 2005).Perceiving Emotions The ability to detect and interpret emotions in faces, pictures, voices, and cultural artifacts. It also includes the ability to pose ones own emotions.Using Emot ions The ability to control emotions to smooth the senesce of various cognitive activities, such as thinking and problem solving.Understanding Emotions The ability to watch emotion language and to value complex affairs among emotions. Furthermore, it includes the ability to recognize and describe how emotions develop over time, such as how ravish can turn into grief.Managing Emotions Consists of the ability to manage and normalize emotions in both(prenominal) ourselves and in others. designate for M12.0 Choose a psychometric analyse for each type that would yield the most valid and reliable results in the employment.2.1 psychometric Test A Brief Overviewpsychometric campaigns are structured evaluatements that contain to monetary standard, without bias, characteristics of an individuals mental capacity, or aspects of their personality (Price, 2010). caper employers use it as it offers great objectivity, reliability and validity than interviews and also at flows allow a dditional information that patrons the employer to create an overall profile of employees and to foresee how they will function in the workplace (HJB.com, 2013). The running plays are homogeneous, which means that all applicants sit the same assessment and are scored according to the same criteria, no matter where or when the sieve is consummate (HJB.com, 2013). However, taking a wide range of establishifys depends upon individuals needs as to how they onset or deficiency to approach their personal development (Becker, 2011). Focusing on improving weak realms of performance can lead to great progress in achieving nonsubjectives when strengths are identified and developed (Becker, 2011). Therefore, psychometric examination can assist in choosing the approach that will deliver the most benefit.2.2 Types of psychometric Testspsychometric assessments fall under two groups. The first appraises and evaluates an individuals ability to understand verbal/written words or their abi lity to reason with mathematical figures (Farrington, 2007), or to follow dreadfulctions as asked (Price, 2010). The second stairs personality traits through personality tests (Farrington, 2007), assessing everything from motivation to values, from personality inclinations to working preferences (Price, 2010). In the world of employment, the choice of test is extremely vital since such tests are utilise during the recruitment word form to select the best candidate, or to help select candidates for career advance (Price, 2010). As a result, tests are gradually more customized to the jobs they are used for.2.3 Learning Style Psychometric TestThe Learning Styles Questionnaire (LSQ) was developed to regain an individuals preferred learning style (PsychPress.com, 2013). There are four learning styles (Watts, 2007)Activist Engage themselves fully in all new experiences.reflecting telescope Like to pause and take time to evaluate their experiences from every angle. theoriser Like to adapt what they see into their own words in golf club to create their own theories, which are accurate but can calculate overly complicated.Pragmatist Are eager to try out fresh ways of doing things to see if they can be put into practice and yield results. well-nigh people prefer certain learning styles over others. As a result, their preference tends to misrepresent the learning procedure as such that greater emphasis is placed on some stages to the disadvantage of the other stages (PsychPress.com, 2013). Therefore, LSQs provide a key to understanding these different preferences. People gain learning styles through repetition of successful strategies and tactics while they put an end to those that are not, which leads to the development of preferences for different behavioral patterns that become habitual (PsychPress.com, 2013). Therefore, LSQs help people to learn effectively to the highest degree themselves so that they may be saved from inapt learning experiences. A thorou gh understanding of learning styles through LSQs enable the tailoring of education and training programs to suit an individual or group (PsychPress.com, 2013). Particular forms of learning to which individuals respond can be identified through LSQs which aids in improving individual and group performance. This also makes training and development as well as other learning activities valuable and less challenging for the participants, and thus helps in bring down training costs by saving valuable time (PsychPress.com, 2013).2.4 Aptitude Psychometric TestAptitude tests attempt to measure trait intelligence (IQ) and cognitive ability in individuals from the indication of their efficiency in touch on information (PsychometricInstitute.com, 2013). Intelligence is either fluid or crystallized (PsychometricInstitute.com, 2013). crystalise intelligence involves verbal or language-based accumulated knowledge developed chiefly through education and other life experiences (PsychometricInsti tute.com, 2013). However, fluid intelligence indicates adaptability and flexibility in the face of new experiences that do not allow automated reasoning (PsychometricInstitute.com, 2013). An example would be where logic is needed in identifying an fantastic shape from a number of shapes in an odd-one-out type question.Since an individuals aptitude is complex, Computerized adaptive Testing (CAT) is used. It is a widely accepted method of online psychometric exam that includes aptitude tests, reasoning tests, verbal reasoning tests and numerical reasoning tests (PsychometricInstitute.com, 2013). Although the programming, testing properties and science behind CAT are quite complex, the course, as go through by the candidate, is not (PsychometricInstitute.com, 2013). Even though the test is taken online, it has many advantages compared to written tests such as reduced administration time, reduced test-taking time, change magnitude reliability for measuring applicants aptitude, tri ms down the quantity of items in online psychometric tests by optimally customizing items to the candidate, practice for CAT-based tests is identical to practicing traditional online psychometric tests, all of it is computer-based and administered online, thus, practicing for these types of psychometric tests is considered i bay window (PsychometricInstitute.com, 2013).2.5 Personality Psychometric TestPersonality tests are assessments which assess an individuals somewhat stable behavioral trends and preferences within an occupational perspective (PsychPress.com, 2013). such tests also require the least preparation (PsychPress.com, 2013). Personality tests are based on behavior mainly due to the indirect and complex temper of an individuals personality (PsychPress.com, 2013). If used appropriately, these tests can be extremely helpful in improving knowledge of ones self and other people.The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality test designed to indicate the mental ty pes of an individuals personality, its strengths and preferences (Cherry, 2012) so as to find out the reasons for individual differences (Price, 2012). MBTI aims to let candidates discover and understand more about their own personalities which includes likes, dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, job preferences and compatibility with others (Cherry, 2012). One other thing expenditure noting is that the questions in these tests have no allocated correct answer (Price, 2012) because no one personality type is best or fall apart than any other one (Cherry, 2012). This test isnt a means to look for dysfunction or abnormality, but rather help individuals learn more about themselves (Cherry, 2012). The test is made up of four different outperforms (Cherry, 2012)Extraversion (E) Introversion (I) Extraverts are more open and lively, they are more social, and they are modify with energy after spending time with other people. Introverts are more into themselves they tend to think a lot, the y enjoy meaningful social interactions, and are filled with energy after spending time alone.Sensing (S) Intuition (N) This photographic plate indicates how people collect information from their surroundings. Individuals, who pay a great deal of attention to reality, especially to what they can learn from their own senses, are sensing. Those who are intuitive consider stuff like patterns and impressions.Thinking (T) Feeling (F) This scale focuses on decisions people make that are based on information they gather through their sensing or intuition functions. People are more into thinking when they stress on facts and objectives data. People who put greater emphasis on feelings arrive at a conclusion based on people and emotions.Judging (J) Perceiving (P) This scale is about how people tend to deal with the outside world. People who like structure and firm decisions are more judging. People who are more open, flexible and adaptable, are more perceiving.Due to MBTI ease of use, it has become one of the most popular psychological instruments. According to the Myers Briggs Foundation, the MBTI meets accepted standards of reliability and validity (Cherry, 2012).2.6 Emotional Intelligence Psychometric TestEmotional Intelligence (EI) tests help evaluate several aspects of an individuals EI and imply ways to improve it (Queendom.com, 2013), so that they can understand the level of their relation with emotions (Agarwal, 2007). It helps an individual to understand themselves give in order to deal burst with themselves, and know what to avoid and what not to (Agarwal, 2007).The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) is the most often used test of emotional intelligence (Daniels, 2010). This test focuses on emotions rather than intellectual skills (Daniels, 2010). MSCEIT comprises items such as to identify the emotion in given pictures of peoples faces, select which emotion can help achieve particular tasks, understand the way emotions interact a nd blend among them, and to recognize how they can use their emotions in difficult social situations (Daniels, 2010). The MSCEIT measures emotional intelligence in basis of four key competencies, including an individuals ability to (i) Recognize their own and others emotions, (ii) Generate and use emotions in problem solving, (iii) Understand emotions and how emotions may change, and (iv) Manage their own and others emotions (Onetest.com, 2010).It has been support that people with high EI prove to be thriving in life than those with lower EI, even if their Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is average (Queendom.com, 2013). This is because people with higher EI are better able to express their emotions in a healthy way, and better able to understand the emotions of colleagues therefore, leading to better work relationships and performance. In the workplace, it leads to successful leadership, increased productivity and higher customer satisfaction (Onetest.com, 2010). On a personal level, i t ultimately leads to a more successful and fruitful life. lying-in for P23.0 Assess the usefulness of psychometric instruments in the workplace.3.1 Psychometric TestsAs mentioned in M1 working class Psychometric tests include personality profiles, reasoning tests, motivation questionnaires, and ability assessments. These tests try to provide objective data for otherwise subjective measurements. For example, if you want to determine someones attitude, you can ask the person directly, observe the person in action, or even gather observations about the person from other people. However, all of these methods can be affected by personal bias and perspective. By using a psychometric test, you make a more objective and impartial judgment.Since objectivity is the key to using these assessments, a good psychometric test provides fair and accurate results each time its given. To ensure this, the test must(prenominal) meet these three key criteriaStandardization The test must be based on re sults from a archetype population thats really representative of the people wholl be taking the test. You cant realistically test every working person in a country. But you can test a representative sample of that group, and then apply the results to the particularised people whom you test. Also, a standardized test is administered the same way every time to help reduce any test bias. By using a standardized test, you can compare the results with anyone whose characteristics are similar to those of the sample group.Reliability The test must produce consistent results, and not be significantly influenced by outside factors. For instance, if youre feeling stressed when you take the test, the test results shouldnt be overly different from times when you were excited or relaxed. asperity This is perhaps the most important quality of a test. A valid test has to measure what its intended to measure. If a test is supposed to measure a persons interests, then it must clearly demonstrate t hat it does actually measure interests, and not something else thats just cogitate to interests.3.2 Psychometric Tests in the WorkplacePsychometric tests have become a well established tool in the workplace, particularly in large organizations where 70% claim to use some form of psychometric measure as part of the recruitment process. They are also increasingly used for career planning, team building, guidance development, guidance and succession planning. Many individuals also use them to evaluate their own attributes and as evidence for potential employers.3.3 Usefulness of Psychometric Tests WorkplacePsychometric test is useful inSelection of Personnel By applying psychometric tests when hiring workers, we are able to judge their competency core objectively. For example, here at astronomic Space, when we were hiring someone for monitoring gaming, we interviewed a person named Raees Gul. He applied for the hazard of working as a waiter, but when we interviewed him and gave h im a set of questionnaires which consisted of different questions on the different departments of the lounge, we concluded he was better at gaming.Task Allocation It has great use in task allocation of employees when we gain in-depth knowledge of their strength and weaknesses, through which we can easily judge which area they would work best at.Finding Personality Having detailed knowledge of employees personality helps us in understanding how to communicate with them and deal with them during various circumstances.Task for D14.0 Make justified recommendations for the use of two types of measures in making task decisions.4.1 Decision-Making PredicamentThe present-day world presents complex decision-making challenges, be it in a business environment or day-to-day personal situations. As were discussing issues related to a business environment, we will focus on decisions that are related to the various dilemmas in the business world. For example decisions made during staff cream and training, since companies request for specific profiles with precise individual qualities and knowledge about competencies related to a specific field or decisions related to making an investment with high risk but with high returns, since shareholders are looking onwards to high profits.4.2 Aptitude Business DecisionsSince we mentioned in P1 that every human be is complex, therefore their aptitudes are also complex. Employment specialists, that are part of the mankind Resource Department, mostly use aptitude tests to determine whether someone is a good fit for a job or promotion, have the ability to adapt to a new work environment and culture, and are able to process information systematically. It is very important because to understand aptitude is to understand their mental and physical attributes. For example a person who has good uninflected skills, the will to take justified risks and bear pressure, can well be suited in the pay department (provided that he has a financ e background). Since peoples ability to process information is limited therefore, knowing that they can suck a variety of heuristics or rules of thumb when making decisions can help solve business problems, assist in product choice and use of goods and services option, and most importantly, their personal lives. A heuristic is a mental cutoff that allows people to solve problems and make decisions fast and efficiently (Cherry, 2011). Thus, this helps shorten decision-making time and allow people to function without constantly stopping to think about the next course of action (Cherry, 2011). Although heuristics are helpful in many situations, they can also lead to biases in decision making. Nevertheless, how they influence business and consumer decisions in everyday life is golden.4.3 Emotional Intelligence in Business DecisionsIn a world where people are facing precious hardships, their emotions are spilling out in uncontrollable measures. Since experts claim that EI could be tr ustworthy for as much as 80% of any success (StarlightPsych, 2013) therefore, many businesses are interested in the EI of their workforce because understanding the EI of future employees can have clear benefits. It can be the difference between a successful and a risky hire (StarlightPsych, 2013) the latter should obviously be avoided to prevent a business, especially a big one, from facing dire consequences. Conducting EI tests also helps evaluate important aspects of work-related activities where the management can know in front on how to deal with emotionally charged situations where stress and anger is involved, the manner of workforce relating themselves to their superiors and colleagues, the ability to learn, follow leadership, and so on. We also mentioned in M1 that work relationships and performance are directly related to the EI of the workforce. Every human being has emotions, and motivation plays a large role in pushing emotions to its limit. Therefore, when management t ap into the positive energy of EI, it can not only make work life easier for them and the workforce, but also lead to a better connection with top-level management through top notch performance, lowered employee absenteeism, alter productivity and efficiency, and last but not the least, increased overall profits.4.4 final stageAlthough there is no right answer as to which type of measure can lead to good or near-perfect business decisions, employing some or all measures can at least reduce bias in the results. For example, in a situation where a person seems to have a low IQ does not make him/her a dumb person, since that person might have a better EI, or even a great personality that makes him a much better person when it comes to ethics. Its a never-ending battle between right and wrong, true and false, dumb and smart, etcetera All we can hope is that all this brings human beings closer together, heedless of their psychoanalytic assumptions.

Detection of Low Level Sex Chromosome Mosaicism

Detection of Low Level Sex Chromosome MosaicismAbstractfood turner syndrome (TS) is most parking lotly due to a 45,X chromosome defect, but is excessively seen in patients with a variety of X-chromosome ab everydayities or 45,X/46,XY photo mosaicism. The pheno caseful of TS patients is highly variable, and depends largely on the karyotype. Patients be at an increased risk of sex glandoblastoma when a Y derived chromosome or chromosome part is present. Since constitutional mosaicism is present in virtually 50% of TS patients, the denomination of minor(ip) prison kioskular ph oneness communitys is clinically important and a challenge to laboratories.Aim The design of the present playing field was the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization ( seek) hinderance to come in disordered level mosaicism for an XY or XX cell nation for TS patients with monosomy X and also to tell the character of invoke chromosome markers detected by schematic cytogenetic studies .Methods The study include 65 female patients with a clinical suspicion of TS, they were selected from the transmissible Clinic, Medical Re look for Institute, University of Alexandria. Chromosome epitome by G-banding technique was done. seek was performed using kinetochore probes for the X and Y chromosomes.Results Chromosome compend by G-banding technique revealed the fol execrableing results twenty patients (30.77%) had a 45,X karyotype mosaicism for a plump for normal or structurally abnormal X was observed in 27 (41.54%) cases, mosaicism for Y chromosome in 5 (7.69%) cases, 7 (10.77) had mosaicism involving a marker chromosome and non mosaic structural abnormalities of the X chromosome was present in 6 (9.23%) patients.To further check over the possibility of mosaicism in the 20 patients with an app arntly nonmosaic 45,X karyotype, and to put the nature of chromosome markers in the 7 patients carrying a marker, tip was performed using centromere probes for the X and Y c hromosomes. A minor XX cell line was set in 6 patients, XY mosaicism were determine in 3 cases and the 45, X result was substantiate in 11 seeks. FISH summary performed on the 7 patients with chromosome markers, identified the origin of these markers as X chromosome substantial in 3 patients, and Y-derived chromosome in 4 patients (idic Y with a double hybridization house be to double centromeric percentage).Conclusion FISH is a reusable tool around in the detection of low frequence cell lines and credit of the nature of mysterious chromosome markers that fork over important implications for the management of patients with food turner syndrome. FISH as an adjunct to karyotype synopsis provides a sensitive, specific, rapid, and informative technique to identify sex chromosome mosaicism in TS patients.Key Words Turner syndrome, monosomy X, mosaicism, 46, XY cell line, gonadoblastoma.INTRODUCTIONThe incidence of Turner syndrome (TS) is approximately one in 3,000 newborn girls and is associated with an apparently nonmosaic 45, X karyotype in many of these patients.(1) Based on chromosome compend 30%-50% are mosaic witha second X or a structurally abnormal X, andfewer than 10% of TS patients squander mosaicism with a 46, XY cell population or a Y chromosome rearrangement. The mosaic status of the remaining TS patients corpse uncertain but of clinical interest because if they do oblige cells with a Y chromosome or Y-derived fragment, they may have an increased risk of gonadoblastoma.(2)Because a 45, X karyotype usually causes fetal death, it has been postulated that all liveborn 45,X infants must be mosaic with either a Y or a second X in some cells.(3) The hypothesis of the necessity of mosaicism for survival is back up by the argument for the existence of a feto-protective effect of one or much genes on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). According to this concept, two copies of the gene(s) should be present, either in the fetus or in the extra-e mbryonic tissues.(4) Both, embryonic mortality and the Turner phenotype, are considered to be a result of monosomy of a common gene (s) of the X and Y chromosomes. It is assumed that, in women, these genes are verbalised in both active and inactive X chromosomes as a means of ensuring the right quantity of genetic product.(5)The American College of Medical genetic science recommends cytogenetic summary of 30 metaphase cells to rule out sex chromosome mosaicism.(6)This analysis can identify 10% mosaicism witha confidence level of 95% but a more sensitivelevel of detection requires analysis of many more metaphase cells, which is costly. PCR-based assays have been used to identify low-level mosaicism.(7) Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using X and Y chromosome probes has been validated (8) as a reflex test in apparently nonmosaic 45,X individuals to identify low-level mosaicism.(2,9) single of the advantages of applying the FISH technique is the possibility of studying mo saicism in both interphase nuclei and metaphases.(5)The conclude of the present study was to show the value of FISH analysis to identify low level sex chromosome mosaicism in Turner syndrome with nonmosaic monosomy X, and also to identify the nature of marker chromosomes detected by conventional cytogenetic studies.METHODSThe study included 65 patients with clinical features suggestive of TS, they were selected from the out patient clinic, sympathetic race Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria over a period of 4 years. Chromosomes were prepared according to standard techniques for culturing lymphocytes from peripheral blood, and the preparation was treated with trypsin to gain G-banding.(10) A minimum of 30 metaphases were analysed, and 3 were photographed for each patient.FISH analysis using the classic alpha-satellite probes for the X DXZ1 and Y DYZ3 centromeres (CEP-X and CEP-Y, Vysis Inc., spectrum green hybridizes to the centromere of hum an chromosome X, and spectrum orange hybridizes to the centromere of human chromosome Y) was performed in cases with nonmosaic 45, X karyotype to detect low level sex chromosome mosaicism and also in cases with chromosome markers to identify the nature of these markers. The protocol followed was that provided by the manufacturer. The normal cutoff was determined to be 1.0% for a second X planetary house and 0.6% for a Y signal in analysis of 500 interphase cells. (11) Whenever interphase FISH analysis revealed evidence of a second cell population, a search was undertaken using FISH for metaphase cells to confirm its presence and date the structure of the sex chromosomes in that population. FISH was performed in the Genetic Center, Genetic Counseling Society, Alexandria.Statistical analysisData were presented in the form of frequency and percentages.RESULTSBased on G-banded chromosome analysis of a minimum of 30 metaphase cells for the 65 patients included in this study, 45,X kary otype was found in 20 cases (30.77%), unhomogeneous mosaic complements was detected in 39 (60%), and non mosaic structural abnormalities of the X chromosome in 6 (9.23%) (table I). Mosaicism detected were as follow 8 (12.31%) with numerical mosaicism involvingthe X chromosome, 19 (29.23%) with structural mosaicism of the X chromosome, 5 (7.69%) with Y chromosome mosaicism, and 7 (10.77%) with mosaicism involving a marker chromosome, the level of mosaicism ranged from 8% to 86%.FISH analysis, using centromere probes for the X and Y chromosomes, identified mosaicism with a second X chromosome in 6 of the 20 patients with an apparently non-mosaic 45,X karyotype. The level of mosaicism detected ranged from 3.8% to 8.2%. Mosaicism with a Y chromosome was detectedin 3 patients, the level of mosaicism ranged from 2.4% to 7.2% (table II) (figure1). FISH modify the appellative of mosaicism from 60% (39/65) to about 73.85% (48/65).FISH analysis performed on the 7 patients with chromosome markers, identified the nature of these markers as X chromosome material in 3 patients, and Y-derived chromosome in 4 patients (idic Y with a double hybridization signal like to double centromeric region) (table III).FISH highlighted the differences between the initial diagnosis, based on G-banding, and the final diagnosis, determined by specific probes for theX and Y chromosomes. FISH analysis detectedmore Y-chromosomal material than karyotyping (18.46% (12/65) vs. 7.69% (5/65), respectively), and also detected more X-chromosomal mosaicism among the TS patients (55.38% (36/65) vs. 41.54% (27/65), respectively).Clinical, ultrasound and laparoscopic examination of gonads in patients with Y chromosome material revealed normal females with zygomorphic rudimentary streak gonads in 9 patients and females with clitoromegaly, unilateral streak gonads, and contralateral intraabdominal testis in 3 patients.Interphase cells showing one green signal of the X chromosomeInterphase cell showing 2 green signals for X chromosomeInterphase cell with one green signal for X chromosome and one red signal for Y chromosomeMetaphase cell with one green signal for X chromosome and one red signal for Y chromosomeDISCUSSIONAn estimated 1 in 50 conceptuses is affected with TS. However, only 1% of TS conceptuses survive to birth. It has been observed that there is a higher ratio of mosaic karyotypes to monosomy X in live births compared to aborted fetuses. This determination has led to speculation that most if not all patients born with TS must have mosaicism.(3)Phenotypic expression in TS patients largely depends on the karyotype, and identification ofsex chromosome mosaicism plays a key role in clinical management. Patients with put down mosaicism for a 46, XX or duplication of thelong arm have a moderate phenotype. Mental retardation is seen more frequently in patients with a elflike ring chromosome and deletion of the X-inactivation center (XIST).(12) Patients with a Y or Y-deri ved chromosome identified by routineG-banding analysis may have as high as a 30%risk of exploitation gonadoblastoma, althoughmost reports suggest an incidence of 7%-10%. Therefore, identification of low levelY chromosome mosaicism is also clinically important.(13)Out of the 65 patients included in the present study, 45, X karyotype was found in 20 cases (30.77%), various mosaic complements wasdetected in 39 (60%), and non mosaic structural abnormalities of the X chromosome in 6 (9.23%). Previous studies reported constitutional mosaicism in approximately 50% of TS patients based on chromosome analysis.(14) The detection of mosaicism is mainly influenced by the type and number of tissues analysed, the number of cells studied, and the sensitivity of the techniques applied.(4,5,15)FISH analysis of the 20 patients with 45, X karyotype included in the present study detected mosaicism in 9 patients 6 had an XX cell line, and3 had Y chromosome material. Therefore, FISH improved the identi fication of mosaicism from 60% to about 73.85%. Van Dyke and Wiktor (11) reported that FISH analysis improves the identification of mosaicism from 55% to 67% in patients with nonmosaic 45,X karyotype.They concluded that the identification of a cell population with a second X chromosome is able to exclude, with a high degree of confidence, the presence of a Y-bearing cell population in that patient. Other investigators compared the results of lymphocyte G-banded karyotype with the use of interphase X/Y FISH analysis. They detected more Y-chromosomal matrial by FISH than karyotyping (in 15% vs. 11% of the women, respectively) and also detected more X-chromosomal mosaicism among the TS women (in 70% vs. 45% of the women respectively). They suggested the use of X/Y interphase FISH as a complement to karyotyping in order to regain a more complete knowledge of the chromosome constitution of each individuals with TS.(16)The Y-chromosomal material in TS individualsis often present in the form of small marker chromosomes, which are difficult to positively identify by routine karyotyping. Furthermore, small markers are frequently missed altogether usingthis technique, especially if limit numbers of metaphases are evaluated.(17) In the presentstudy, 7 (10.77%) patients were detected with mosaicism involving a marker chromosome, FISH analysis identified the origin of these markers as X chromosome material in 3 patients, and Y-derived chromosome in 4 patients, the nature of the Y chromosome was defined as isodicentric withtwo centromeres. Approximately 20% of mosaic patients with TS have a sex marker chromosome.(14) The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analysis has been well documented asbeing effective in detecting and identifying sex chromosome markers.(18,19,20)In the present study, final diagnosis followed G-banding and FISH analysis identified Y-bearing cell population in approximately 18% of TS patients. criticism of the literature suggested that 6-12% of patients with TS had 45,X/46,XY cell lines withor without structurally abnormal Y.(21) This variation is a reflection of the numbers of patients studied,the technique used, and the strategies employedby different investigators to search for small populations of Y containing cells.Virilization with clitoromegaly was found in3 cases in the present study with Y cell line mosaicism. It is believed that virilization in patients with TS is due to the presence of Y cell line within the gonad even if the Y cell line is not identified in peripheral blood. Therefore, virilization is an indication for detailed studies looking for the presence of Y mosaicism. (22)Early detection of Y-derived material in the genome of TS individuals is of great importance because of the sexual relation high risk (10-30%) of developing gonadal tumors (i.e., gonadoblastoma or dysgerminoma).(23,24) Gonadoblastoma is a forerunner tumor which may undergo malignant transformation into one of the baneful ger m cell tumors (dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinoma, endodermal sinus tumor, chorioepithelioma or yolk liberation tumor).(21) It has been suggested that a locus (GBY) predisposing to the development of this tumor is located in the pericentromeric region of Yp.(25) Although the natural history of gonadoblastoma in prepubertal patients is unknown, this tumor can be evident even in the first decade of life in streak gonads with Y mosaicism and may be bilateral. Therefore, prophylactic gonadectomy shouldbe recommended in patients with TS and Y chromosome mosaicism, because fertility is not an issue, surgical morbidity is minor, and the potential for malignant transformation is unknown.(26)If a patient declines gonadectomy, monitoring for germ cell neoplasm is the only option. However,it is unclear whether methods in common usetoday (vaginal ultrasound, biochemical markers, proteomics, etc.), even with compliant patients,are able to identify germ cell neoplasms at early enough stages to i mprove the natural history of the disease. It is possible that a predictable and specific marker of malignant potential may be identified in the future. Until then, physicians will need to be continually updated on these important issues as they relate to the clinical management of patients with Turner syndrome.(21)In conclusion, FISH for the X and Y centromere probes is a useful adjunct to conventional cytogenetic studies in patients with apparently nonmosaic monosomy X. This additional assay improved the identification of mosaicism from 60% to about 73.85%. FISH method provides a sensitive, specific, rapid, and informative means of identifying low level X and Y mosaicism in TS patients, and can be employed on the same blood sample that is used for the conventional cytogenetic studies. FISH helped in identifying the nature of the unknown markers which has an important implication in the development of gonadal tumors. Metaphase FISH, and interphase FISH should complement and valida te each other in the detection of covert Y and identification of rearranged X vs Y chromosomes.