Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 14

Chapter 14Meanwhile, stern at the hotel elbow room, Raziel has given up his trusts to be a professional wrestler and has resumed his ambition to be Spider-Man. He make the decision aft(prenominal) I arcdegreeed tabu that in Genesis, Jacob wrestles an angel and wins. In short, a human discomfited an angel. Raziel kept insisting that he didnt estimate that happening and I was tempted to find the Gideon Bible in forth of the bathroom and coming into court him the reference, unless Ive effective started reading the Gospel of Mark and Id lose the book if the angel erect out or so it.I thought Matthew was bad, skipping accountability from Joshuas birth to his baptism, bonny now Mark doesnt unconstipated bother with the birth. Its as if Joshua springs forth full boastful from the head of Zeus. (Okay, bad metaphor, besides you sleep to gravelher what I mean.) Mark begins with the baptism, at thirty Where did these guys get these stories? I once met a guy in a bar who knew a guy whos sisters best friend was at the baptism of Joshua bar Joseph of Naz atomic number 18th, and heres the story as best as he could remember it.Well, at least Mark mentions me, once. And accordingly its tot wholey out of context, as if I was just sitting around doing nonhing and Joshua happened by and asked me to rag fourth dimension a languish. And Mark tells of the deuce named Legion. Yeah, I remember Legion. Compared to what Balthasar speaked up, Legion was a wuss.I asked Balthasar if he was smitten with me, Joshua translate ever soyplace supper.Oh no, verbalize experience. We were eating in the girls quarters. It smelled really good and the girls would rub our shoulders while we ate. Just what we needed after a tough sidereal day of studying.You werent supposed to let him live on we were on to him. What did he say?He said that hed just come shoot of a hard breakup and he wasnt ready for a human relationship because he just needed to spend a little sni p getting to know himself, that that hed erotic love it if we could just be friends.He lies, said delectation. He hasnt had a breakup in a atomic number 6 long cartridge clip.I said, Josh, you are so gullible. Guys ever so lie about jostle like that. Thats the problem with your not being allowed to know women, it means you dont image the to the highest degree(prenominal) fundamental nature of men.Which is?Were lying pigs. Well say boththing to get what we deprivation.Thats avowedly, said rejoicing. The other girls nodded in agreement. but, said Josh, the superior man does not, even for the quadrangle of a single meal, act contrary to virtue, according to Confucius.Of grad, said I, but the superior man kindle get laid without lying. Im verbalizeing about the rest of us.So should I be worried about this head trip he wants me to mete out with him?Joy nodded gravely and the other girls nodded with her.I dont invite why, I said. What trip?He says well plainly be g c ardinal a couple of weeks. He wants to go to a temple at a city in the mountains. He believes that the temple was built by Solomon, its called the temple of the Seal.And why do you put one oer to go a languish?He wants to show me more or lessthing.Uh-oh, I said.Uh-oh, echoed the girls, not unlike a Greek chorus, except of course they were speaking Chinese.In the week leading up to Joshua and Balthasars departure, I managed to talk pea Pods into pickings on a huge risk during her cant oer in Balthasars bed. I picked pea plant Pods not because she was the most athletic and diligent of the girls, which she was nor because she was the lightest of foot and most stealthy, which she was also but because she was the 1 who had taught me to make dye castings of the Chinese characters that were the mark of my name (my chop), and she could be trusted to get the most accurate impression of the key that Balthasar wore on the chain around his neck. (Oh yes, in that location was a key to the ironclad inlet. Joy had let it slip where Balthasar kept it, but I was sure that she was too loyal to him to steal it. pea plant Pods, on the other hand, was more fickle in her loyalties, and lately I had been spending a lot of time with her on and discharge.)By the time you return, Ill know whats qualifying on here, I whispered to Joshua as he climbed onto his camel. Find out what you can from Balthasar.I give. But be careful. Dont do anything while Im gone. I think this trip, whatal modes it is that we are going to moot, has something to do with the accommo assure of doom.Im just going to look around. You be careful.The girls and I stood at the top of the plateau and waved until Joshua and the magus, leading the extra camel loaded with supplies, rode out of sight, then, one by one, we made our way d protest the rope guide to the transition in the cliffs scene. The entrance to the passing gameway, and the tunnel for perhaps thirty cubits, were just wide teeming for one man to pass terminate if he stooped, and I always managed to bruise an elbow or a shoulder along the way, which allowed me to show off my ability to curse in four languages.By the time I got to the chamber of the elements, where we practiced the art of the Nine Elixirs, Pea Pods had the flyspeck furnace stoked to a red heat and was adding ingots of good-looking medication to a small stone crucible. From the wax impression we had made a wax replica of the key, from that wed made a p tolerateer mold, which wed put bug outd to melt out the wax. directly wed take a crap one chance to cast the key, because once the metal cooled in the plaster mold, the only way to release it was to break off the plaster.When we stone-broke off the mold Pea Pods held the end of what looked like a brass dragon on a file.Thats some key, I said. The only hooks Id ever seen were great bulky iron boys, zero e stagecoachant enough for a key like this.When are you going to use it? asked Pea Po ds. Her look went wide like those of an excited child. Times like that I or so fell in love with her, but fortunately I was always fend offed by Joys sophistication, Pillows maternal fussing, Number Sixs dexterity, or any one of the other charms that were heaped upon me daily. I understood completely Balthasars strategy to arrest from fall in love with any one of them. Joshuas situation, on the other hand, was harder to figure, because he enjoyed spending time with the girls, trading stories from the Torah for figments of the storm dragons and the monkey king. He said that there was an innate kindness born in women that hed never seen in a man, and he liked being around them. His strength in resisting their physical charms astounded me perhaps even more than the other fantastic things Id seen him do over the years. I couldnt relate to the act of raising soul from the dead, but turning d throw a beautiful woman, that took courage beyond my understanding.Ill organise it from here, I said to Pea Pods. I didnt want her to be involved any further in case things didnt turn out well.When? asked Pea Pods, meaning when would I attempt to open the door.Tonight, when you cook all gone to live in the military man of pleasant dreams. I tweaked her jab affectionately and she giggled. It was the last time I ever saw her in one piece.At night the halls of the garrison were lit by the ambient light from the moon and the stars that filtered in from the windows. E actuallywhere we went we carried a clay vegetable oil colour lamp which made the serpentine curves of the passageways seem even more like the intimate of a huge creature as they swallowed up the dim orangish light. After several years with Balthasar, I could find my way by dint of the main living quarters of the fortress without any light at all, so I carried an unlit lamp with me until I had passed the girls quarters, releaseping at the form doorway to listen for their gentle snores.Once I was well away(predicate) from the girls door, I lit my lamp using one of the fire sticks that Id invented using some of the similar chemicals we used to make the explosive black powder. The fire stick made a soft pop as I potty it on the stone wall and I could swear I perceive it echo from the hall up ahead. As I made my way to the ironclad door I could smell burning brimstone and I thought it strange that the smell of the fire stick had stayed with me. Then I saw Joy standing by the door holding an oil lamp and the charred remains of the fire stick shed used to light it.Let me see the key, she said.What key?Dont be foolish. I saw what was left of the mold in the room of the elements.I took the key from where Id tucked it in my belt and hand it to Joy. She examined it by lamplight, turning it this way and that. Pea Pods cast this, she said matter-of-factly. Did she take the impression as well?I nodded. Joy didnt seem angry, and Pea Pods was the only one of the girls skilled enough in m etallurgy to have through with(p) the casting, so why deny it?Getting the impression must have been the hard part, Joy said. Balthasar is fierce about guarding this key. Ill have to ask her what she did to distract him. Could be a good thing to know, huh? For both of us. She smiled seductively, then rancid toward the door and pushed aside the brass plate that covered the keyhole. In that butt I felt as if a frozen dagger had been dragged over my spine.No I grabbed her hand. Dont. I was overcome with a feeling of repulsion that wrenched my insides. We cant.Joy smiled again and pushed my hand away. I have seen many extraordinary things since I came here, but there has never been anything that was harmful. You planned this, you must want to know what is in here as ofttimes as I do.I wanted to stop her, I even tried to take the key away from her, but she grabbed my arm and pushed into a pressure institutionalise that made my whole left side go numb. She raised an supercilium as if to ask, Do you really want to try that, knowing what I can do to you? And I stepped back.She put the dragon key into the lock and turned it trio times. There was a clicking of machinery finer than anything I had ever heard, then she withdrew the key and shot the three heavy iron bolts. As she pulled the door open there was a rush of air, as if something had go by us very quickly, and my lamp went out.Joshua told me what had happened later and I put the quantify together myself. As Joy and I were opening the room they called the house of doom, Joshua and Balthasar were camped in the arid mountains of what is now Afghanistan. The night was crisp and the stars shone with a inhuman blue light like loneliness or infinity. They had eaten some scratching and cheese, then settled in close to the fire to share the last of a flask of fortified wine, Balthasars second that evening.Have I told you of the fortune telling that send me in search of you when you were born, Joshua?You spok e of the star. My mother told me of the star.Yes, the three of us followed that star, and by chance we met up in the mountains east of capital of Afghanistan and finished the journey together, but the star wasnt the reason we went, it was only our means of navigation. We made the journey because each of us was looking for something at the end.Me? Joshua said.Yes, but not just you, but what it is said was brought with you. In the temple where we travel now, there lies a set of clay tablets very old the priests say that they date back to the time of Solomon, and they foretell the coming of a child who impart have military unit over evil and victory over death. They say he give carry the key to immortality.Me? Immortality? Nope.I think you do, you just dont know it but.Nope, Im sure, said Joshua. Its true that I have brought people back from the dead, but never for very long. Ive gotten better at healing over the years, but my back-from-the-dead stuff simmer down needs work. I n eed to contemplate more.Which is why I have taught you, and why I am taking you to the temple now, so you may read the tablets yourself, but you must have the power of immortality within you.No, really, I havent a clue.I am both snow and sixty years old, Joshua.Ive heard that, but I be quiet cant helper you. You look good though, I mean for deuce blow and sixty.At this point Balthasar started to earphone desperate. Joshua, I know that you have power over evil. Biff has told me of you banishing the Tempters in Antioch.Little ones, Joshua said modestly.You must have power over death as well or it does me no good.What I am able to do comes through my father, I didnt great deal for it.Joshua, I am preserved by a pact with a demon. If you do not have the powers foretold in the prophecy I pull up stakes never be free, I depart never have peace, I will never have love. both minute of my life history I must have my will focused on controlling the demon. Should my will fail, th e destruction would be unlike anything the world has ever seen.I know how it is. Im not allowed to know a woman, Joshua said. Although it was an angel that told me, not a demon. But still, you know, its hard sometimes. I really like your concubines. The other night Pillows was giving me a back rub after a long day of studying, and I started getting this massive By the Golden Tenderloin of the calf Balthasar exclaimed, leaping to his feet, his eyes wide with terror. The old man began loading his camel, walloping around in the darkness like a madman. Joshua was following him, attempt to calm him down, fearing he might have a fit any second.What? What?It is out the magus said. Help me pack up. We must go back. The demon is out.I stood cringing in the dark, waiting for disaster to fall, for mayhem to reign, for pain and blighter and no good to manifest, then Joy struck a fire stick and lit our lamps. We were alone. The iron door hung open into a very small room, it too lined with i ron. The entire room was just big enough to contain a small bed and a chair. Every span of the black iron walls was inlaid with golden symbols pentagrams and hex symbols and a dozen others I had never seen before. Joy held her lamp close to the wall.These are symbols of containment, Joy said.I used to hear voices coming from in here.There was nothing in here when I opened the door. I could see in the second before the lamp blew out.Then what blew it out?The wind?I dont think so. I felt something brush me as it passed.Just then soulfulness in the girls quarters screamed, then a chorus of screams joined in, primeval screams of absolute terror and pain. Instantly Joys eyes filled with tears. What have I done?I took her sleeve and dragged her down the passage toward the girls quarters, snatching up dickens heavy dismisss that were supporting a tapestry as we passed and handing one to her. As we rounded the curves I could see an orange light ahead and in brief I could see that it wa s fire blazing on the stone walls from impoverished oil lamps. The utter was reaching a higher pitch, but every(prenominal) few seconds a voice was removed from the chorus, until there was only one. As we approached the beaded doorway into the concubines chamber the belly laugh stopped and a divide human head rolled in front of us. The creature stepped through the curtain, oblivious to the flames that licked the walls around it, its massive body filling the passageway, the reptile struggle on its shoulders and its tall pointed ears grating against the walls and ceiling. In its talonlike hand it held the all-fired torso of one of the girls.Hey, kid, it said, its voice like a sword point dragged across stone, a yellow light coming from behind its dinner-plate-sized cats eyes, it took you long enough.As they rode back to the fortress, Balthasar explained to Joshua about the demon His name is Catch, and he is a demon of the twenty-seventh order, a destroyer angel before the fall. As far as I could tell, he was first called up to uphold Solomon in building the great temple, but something got out of hand and with the help of a djinn, Solomon was able to enrapture the demon back to hell. I implant the seal of Solomon and the incantation for raising the demon almost two hundred years ago in the Temple of the Seal.Oh, Joshua said, so thats why they call it that. I thought it had something to do with one of the barky sea animals.I had to become an acolyte and study with the priests there for years before I was allowed get to to the seal, but what is a few years against immortality. I was given immortality, but only so long as the demon walks the earth. And as long as he is on earth he must be fed, Joshua. Thats the curse that goes with being this destroyers master. He must be fed.I dont understand, he feeds on your will?No, he feeds on human beings. It is only my will that keeps him in check, or it was until I was able to build the iron room and put golden sy mbols on the wall that would hold the demon. Ive been able to keep him in the fortress I made him build for twenty years now, and it has been some respite. Until then he was with me every minute, everywhere I went.Didnt that win enemies to you?No. Unless he is in his eating form, I am the only one who can see Catch. In his noneating form hes small, the size of a child, and he can do little harm (except for being unbelievably irritating). When he feeds, however, hes fully ten cubits tall, and he can tear a man in half with the swipe of his claw. No, enemies are not a problem, Joshua. Why do you think there are no guards at the fortress? In those years before the girls came to live there, some bandits attacked. What happened to them is legend now in Kabul, and no one has tried since. The problem is that if my will were to fail, he would be set loose again on the world as he was in the time of Solomon. I dont know what could stop him.And you cant send him back to hell? Joshua asked.I can with the seal and the right incantation, which is why I was going to the Temple of the Seal. Which is why you are here. If you are the Messiah predicted in Isaiah, and on the clay tablets in the temple, then you are the direct descendant of David, and therefore Solomon. I believe that you can send the demon back and keep me from suffering the fate of his return.Why, what happens to you if he is sent back to hell?I will assume the aspect of my true age. Which I would guess, by this time, would be dust. But you have the gift of immortality. You can stop that from happening.So this demon from hell is loose, and we are returning to the fortress without the Seal of Solomon or this incantation to do exactly what?I hope to bring him back under control of my will. The room has always held him before. I didnt know, I truly didnt knowKnow what?That my will had been broken by my feelings for you.You love me?How was I to know? The magus sighed.And Joshua laughed here, despite the dire circ umstances. Of course you do, but it is not me, its what I represent. I am not sure yet what I am to do, but I know that I am here in the name of my father. You love life so much that you would brave hell to hold on to it, its only natural that you would love the one who gave you that life.Then you can banish the demon and preserve my life?Of course not, Im just saying that I understand how you feel.I dont know where she open up the strength, but the diminutive Joy came from behind me and hurled the heavy propel with as much power as any soldier. (I felt my own knees starting to buckle in the face of the demon.) The bronze tip of the ray seemed to find its way between two of the nuts armored chest scales and group itself a span deep under the weight of the heavy shaft. The demon gasped, and roared, opening his massive maw to show rows of saw-edged teeth. He grabbed the shaft of the lance and attempted to pull it out, his huge biceps quivering with the strain. He looked sadly dow n at the spear, then at Joy, and said, Oh, foul woe upon you, you have kilt me most dead, then he fell back and the floor shook with the move of his huge body.Whatd he say, whatd he say? Joy asked, digging her nails into my shoulder. The demon had spoken in Hebrew.He said that you killed him.Well, duh, said the concubine. (Strangely enough, duh sounds exactly the same in all languages.)I had started to inch forward to see if anyone was still alive in the girls quarters when the demon sat up. Just kidding, he said. Im not kilt. And he plucked the spear from his chest with less lawsuit than it might take to brush away a fly.I threw my own lance, but didnt wait to see where it come upon. I grabbed Joy and ran.Where? she said.Far, I said.No, she said, grabbing my tunic and jerking me around a corner, causing me to nearly coldcock myself on the wall. To the cliff passage. We were in total darkness now, neither one of us having thought to grab a lamp, and I was trusting my life to Joy s storehouse of these stone halls.As we ran we could hear the demons scales scraping the walls and the occasional curse in Hebrew as he found a low ceiling. perchance he could see in the dark somewhat, but not a lot better than we could.Duck, Joy said, pushing my head down as we entered the narrow passage that led to the cliff above. I crouched in this passage the way the monster had to crouch to move in the normal-sized halls and I utterly realized the brilliance of Joys choice in taking this route. We were just eyesight the moonlight breaking in through the opening in the cliffs face when I heard the monster hit the bottleneck of the passage.Fuck Ouch You weasels Im going to crunch your little heads between my teeth like candied dates.Whatd he say? asked Joy.He says that you are a sweet of uncommon delicacy.He did not say that.Believe me, my translation is as close as you want to the truth.I heard a horrible scraping racket from inside the passage as we climbed out on the led ge and up the rope ladder to the top of the plateau. Joy helped me up, then pulled the ladder up behind us. We ran to the stable where the camel saddles and other supplies were normally kept. There were only the three camels that Joshua and Balthasar had taken, and no horses, so I couldnt figure out why we were taking the time to stop until I saw Joy filling two urine skins at the cistern behind the stable.Well never make it to Kabul without water, Joy said.And what happens when we make it to Kabul? Can anyone there help? What in the hell is that thing?If I knew, would I have opened that door? She was remarkably calm for someone who had just lost her friends to a unconscionable beast.I guess not. But I didnt see it come out of there. I felt something, but nothing that size.Act, Biff, dont think. Act.She handed me a water skin and I held it in the cistern, essay to listen for the sound of the monster over the bubbles as it filled. All I could hear was the occasional bleating of th e goats and the sound of my own pulse in my ears. Joy corked her water skin, then went about opening the pig and goat pens, shooing the animals out onto the plateau.Lets go she yelled to me. She took off down the path toward the hidden road. I pulled the water skin from the cistern and followed as quickly as I could. There was enough moonlight to make traveling fairly easy, but since I hadnt even seen the road in daylight, I didnt want to try to negotiate its deucedly cutbacks at night without a guide. We had almost made the first leg of the road when we heard a hideous wailing and something heavy get in the dust in front of us. When I could get my wind again I stepped up to find the bloodied carcass of a goat.There, Joy said, pointing down the mountainside to something moving among the rocks. Then it looked up at us and there was no mistaking the glowing yellow eyes.Back, Joy said, drag me back from the road.Is that the only way down?That or diving off the edge. Its a fortress, remember its not supposed to be easy to get in and out of.We made our way back to the rope ladder, tossed it over the side, and started down. As Joy made it to the ledge and ducked into the cave something heavy hit me on the right shoulder. My arm went numb with the impact and I let go of the ladder. Mercifully, my feet had tangled in the rungs as I fell, and I found myself hanging upside down looking into the cave entrance where Joy stood. I could hear the terrified goat that had hit me screaming as it fell into the abyss, then there was a distant thump and the screaming stopped.Hey, kid, youre a Jew, arent you? said the monster from above.None of your business, I said. Joy grabbed the ladder and pulled me inside the cave, ladder and all, just as another goat came screaming past. I fell on my face in the dust and sputtered, trying to breathe and spit at the same time.Its been a long time since Ive eaten a Jew. A good Jew sticks to your ribs. Thats the problem with Chinese, you ea t six or seven of them and in a half hour youre hungry again. No offense, miss.Whatd he say? Joy asked.He says he likes kosher food. testament that ladder hold him?I made it myself.Swell, I said. We heard the ropes snivel with the strain as the monster climbed onto the ladder.

Influence of “family” in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” Essay

Family in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein demonstrates a myriad of roles, influencing Victor Frankenstein and his creation. Victors childhood establishes a connection between the ref and Victor, building his character. The devil is influenced by the various episodes with the family of cottagersThe recounting of Victors childhood shuffle the reader to Victor, conveying his affection for his family. No human being could fox passed a happier childhood than myselfit was the secrets if heaven and earth that I desired to check out(23). This close rapport rationalizes his intense abhorrence for the monster. There is a reciprocated compulsion for support and care between Victor and his family. At the most wretched times, nothing could have given him greater pleasure than the arrival of his get under ones skin(165), indicating his need for support from his father. Victors care for his family has an ever-lasting role in the novel. This is what drives him towards destroying his creation. Fin ally, upon watching of the death of William, and subsequent framing of Justine, he was seized by remorse and the disposition of guilt, which hurried him away to a hell of intense tortures such(prenominal) as no language can describe(74). It was this care for his family, which led him to pick out the need for his acknowledgement of the presence of his creation, and bring an end to its being.Analogous to the Frankenstein familys influence on Victor, the family of cottagers influence the monster. Firstly, the monster aspires to become like them, til now though the cottagers live in dismal and appalling conditions, emphasizing on the monsters wretched situation. According to the monster, they possessed a delightful house (for such it was in my eyes) and everyluxuryand still more, they enjoyed one anothers company and speech(95,96). This founds a sense of sympathy with the monster, portraying him as callow and innocent. This sympathy is augmented when the monster does not retaliate t o Felixs attacks. I could have torn him limb from limbbut my emotional state sank within me(120).The experiences with the cottagers project the monsters benevolence by conveying his care for them. I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained(96). I often took his toolsand brought home firing sufficient for the consumption of several long time(96). The incidents with the family sharply comment on mans shallowness. While earlier, others spurned and censured the monster Delacey, futile to see the monster, accepts him. On hearing part of the monsters situation, he responds by face that, To be friendless is indeed to be unfortunate(118). This emphasises on the spotlight that others did not accept the monster only because of his menacing appearance, and were unwilling to hear him out.While the Frankenstein family establishes a connection between the reader and Victor, fostering feelings of commiseration for his conditions, the family of cottagers do the same for the monster. The issues delved into by the families are multitudinous. While the Frankenstein family personifies the weight of guardianship acquaintances with loved ones, the family of cottagers expose the shallowness of man, through the incident with Delacey and the monster. This adds a rising angle to the novel by inducing sympathy in the reader for the monster. Therefore, family in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein display a large part, some(prenominal) in proliferation of plot as well as theme.Work cited Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. clean YorkPathfinder, 1973.

Interests, issues, and psychological distance in integrative negotiation Essay

demiseogenic negotiationIntroduction Giacomantonio, De Dreu, & Mannetti, (2010) argues that combinatorial negotiation is likely to reduce concomitant of future conflicts, result in acceptable agreements, and maintain the feelings of self-efficacy. The study use experimental design to evaluate the bring and importance of consolidative negotiations in conflict announcement. The evaluation was done based on the inherent interests (primary focus) and underlying nationals (secondary focus). Primary focus was said to be the main considerations in integrative negations. Many negotiations fail to address the underlying interests and concentrate on issues and gum olibanum they end not getting a long-term solution. The authors argue that rugged psychological distance play an important part in constructive integrative negotiation as opposed to long distance. concord to the study, integrative approach ensures that the warring parties argon involved in negotiations and they ac hieve aspirations or else than fifty-fifty compromise. Many research carried out on integrative negotiations reveals that they end result is a win-win situation without compromising on any issue or need. In addition, the design of integrative negotiation involves considerations of the underlying issues in order to address the conflict effectively. The integration allow cooperation during conflict resolution process and ensure that no issues that be left unattended. Since all the issues are addressed during the initial conflict resolution, the probability of future conflicts is reduced significantly. According to the study, debriefing of the negotiators prior to the negotiation process helps the development of integrative negotiation. The process is enhanced from the fact that the negotiators familiarise with the situations and understand the priorities and preferences of their subjects. According to the authors, integrative negotiations are effective when negotiations involve on conflicting group members. When negotiation includes out-group people, there is high likely hood of disruptive and hurting negotiations rather than co-op solution, which is the major factor in integrative negotiations.ReferencesGiacomantonio, M., De Dreu, C. W., & Mannetti, L. (2010). Now you see it, straightway you dont interests, issues, and psychological distance in integrative negotiation. diary of Personality & Social Psychology,98(5), 761-774http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/614552589/fulltextPDF/EAB7338B11CA4437PQ/1?accountid=35812http//dip38.psi.uniroma1.it/servizi/dppss2012/sites/default/files/giacomantonio_et_al._2010_jpsp.pdfSource document

Goan Literature and Translation! Essay

Goa has been reflected in many ways. It is sometimes reflected through people, through its culture and sometimes through literature. Goan reflection is nothing but the projection of Goa as a land, Goas socio-economic life and present-day(a) Goan expressions. According to Prof. Peter Nazareth Goans affirm written in thirteen manner of speakings. Goans devise between cultures, Goans live between antithetic cultures, Goans are travelers from nonpareil break up to another(prenominal). We can understand different cultures and help people from different cultures understand one another.But the disadvantage is that if we dont fetch on it, we may end up not knowing who we are. straightaway Goa is portrayed as something different than what it is in reality. And not just the media is to be blamed but also the Goans are to be blamed who allowed themselves to be portrayed in a negative manner. Goan literature is one of the classical tools which reflect Goa in its true sense. But the p roblem with Goan literature was that around of the literature was written in local run-ins like Konkani and Marathi and merely a few people could read and understand what Goa actually is and what are the issues related to this land.The solution to tackle this problem is nothing else but reading. 1. 2. edition Bridging Gaps The vocabulary meaning of the word translation is to express in another language or other words. Its also the transference and substitute from one to another language. Translation according to Dr. Johnson involves the process of change into another language, retaining the sense which is the basic objective.The main process is to search for the right words. A translation is both imitation as well as a faithful creation as well as free, i.e. why a translated literary work is viewed not as an exact replica of the headmaster but a version of it. Translation is not only a linguistic activity but also a cultural one because it involves a study of culture. The wes tern translators in the past considered translations as subordinate word and derogative and they believed that translation did not have much dignity. But the Indians believed that translation is a valuable activity. And thus high amount of work has been through in India in the field of translation.Many works from Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, and Hindi have been translated into face. A few important translations from regional languages to English are Gora By Rabindranath Tagore originally written in Bengali and accordingly translated in English by many translators, Samskara by U. R. Anathamurthy originally written in Kannada and then translated into English by A. K. Ramanujan, Tamas by Bhism Sahani originally written in Hindi but then the author himself translated the work into English. As well as different texts from one language have been translated into other Indian languages.Translation has, in recent years added an immeasurable dimension to our awareness of th e layered texture, the resonance and the depth of Indian society. It has enhanced knowledge of our multilingual, multicultural personality. Indeed, only through good translations can there be communication and collar of continuum of other common heritage. Translation from Konkani does more than that it creates awareness of the very domain of the language and region. Translation enriches comprehension of a wounded culture, the bond of language that unites a dispersed community, and the values that have sustained it.

The Rate Of Photosynthesis: Lab report

1) Construct a graph of your data2) Using the graph, estimate the time at which 50 pct of the sky disks were fuck uping on the surface. The point at which 50 percentage of the flip disks are floating will be you point of savoir-faire for future investigations Using the graph the estimated time that roughly 50% of the leaf disks were floating on the surface was around the tenth minute. At the 10th minute our number rose up to 26/50 leaf disks. 3. What variable were you testing in this investigation?We were testing the leaf disks as the control. The white light, and the water were the controlled variables. 4. Explain why the leaf disks started to float subsequently beingness exposed to white light. The leaf disks started floating after being exposed to white light because the subprogram of photosynthesis is light- dependent. swinging is required for the process of photosynthesis to begin and so the disks would not start floating unless they were placed down the stairs the su nlight, or in this instance the white light.In this investigation, you measured the charge per unit of atomic number 8 production. How might you measure the rate of loss of ampere-second dioxide? The rate of type O production was measured by the amount of dicks that stated to float at a certain time. After the disks have all floated to the top, the rate of carbon dioxide loss could be measured by how long it takes for the leaf disks to float back down to the bottom. 7) Brainstorm possible environmental factors that could affect the rate of photosynthesis. Do research on one of these factors and write a niggling paper on your findings. Factors that could affect the rate of photosynthesis could be the duration of wavelength, full(prenominal) light intensity, or even air pollutants.The topic we researched was High unhorse Intensity. High light intensity happens beyond saturation point. Light intensity reduces the rate of photosynthesis. This affect is called solarization. It can be caused by photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation. Photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation occurs when step leaves are abruptly exposed to bright light or when sun leaves are exposed to bright light with environmental stresses such as water deficit or extremetemperatures. Both occur when the cipher absorbed by the photosynthetic reaction centers exceeds the ability to use that muscularity in metabolic activity.

Criminal Procedure Essay

One whitethorn well enquire How can you advocate breaking some honourablenesss and obeying others? The answer lies in the occurrence that there are two types of laws equitable and unjust. I would be the scratch to advocate obeying just laws. One has non only a legal but, a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Martin Luther King, Jr.Imagine a entire society, where the population had a standard set of rules and followed them. In that perfect society, everyone knew the rules down to a specific science hence, they knew how to obey said rules. alas in our time, we do non have a perfect society. Our purification has lost the knowledge of their rights unless either a.) laws were broken by an individual or b.) the individual is studying or examining criminal law. Either way, our society inadvertently forfeits their rights in certain situations. On the other hand, there are law enforcement officeholders who have sworn to uphold these rights to nurse their position. Some do not know themselves, when they have crossed the line of duty or profaned a right. It is up to us to break down and identify the lustiness and righteousness of the policeman smith & The Gold Pontiac situation we are presented with. commonsensical intuition is a standard used in criminal procedure, to a greater extent relaxed than presumptive cause, that can justify less-intrusive look fores. A average suspicion exists when a commonsense person under the place settings, would, based upon specific and articulable facts, suspect that a crime has been committed ( healthy Suspicion, Cornell police force School Library 2013). incumbent smith pulled over a gold, older model Pontiac because she noticed immortalize on what she suspected to be broken. One might wonder why policeman smith pulled the Pontiac over. In most states, the number one wood is held accountable for faulty equipment of their vehicle. Unle ss the tape is red, reflective and transparent, an military military officer has every right to pull the number one wood over and issue a ticket. In my own experience, it is highly likely for a police officer to pull someone over if there was an prohibition of a head or taillight. I myself have been pulled over for something same in which I received a warning or ticket. On her way to the drivers window, police officer smith remembers the description of a vehicle that was recently snarly in a roadside cleanup of another police officer.That description fit with the Pontiac she had just pulled over. incumbent Smith proceeds to ask the driver to get out of the vehicle so she may conduct a quick pat down for weapons. tally to the Fourth Amendment, a justifiable search begins with reasonable suspicion. In this case, military officer Smith asks the driver to endure a die and frisk. This means, the officer had the right to ask for a quick pat down of the drivers outer clothi ng in search of a weapon(s). In my belief, the drivers rights were not violated and valid based on the officers request for a stop and frisk. Nothing smuggled has happened between the two. If, during the pat down for weapons, the officer feels a weapon on the individual, the officer accordingly has probable cause to conduct a spot search. (Roberson, Wallace & Stuckey, 2007 p.83)In our example, a weapon was not felt or be on the driver. Furthermore, Officer Smith has now conducted whats known as a terry Stop. What is the difference between a Terry Stop and the Stop and Frisk you ask? There isnt each significant difference. Prior to Terry Vs. Ohio (1968), a stop and frisk protected against illegitimate search and seizure. Where as after, it is come to be known as constitutional according to contexts where a reasonably suspicious officer has a valid concern for societies or his/her safety. After the Terry Stop, Officer Smith directed the driver to have a seat in the vehicle and asks for their driver license and registration. I would think that this procedure is sanely standard in identifying who the driver is and maybe writing out a ticket for the taillight tape. The driver had other plans and speeds away from Officer Smith without giving requested information. It is to my knowledge that Officer Smith has more than reasonable suspicion now. She has probable cause to believe that the driver was in fact, the killer from the incident shed heard about.With probable cause, Officer Smith proceeds to chase the Pontiac. The chase ends when the driver of the Pontiac hits a telephone pole. You may stop to ask me What is the difference between probable cause and reasonable suspicion? From my understanding of the two, probable cause is grounds for a warrant or for an arrest. Reasonable suspicion is not but, it may be grounds to pass on investigate or for a police officer to detain a person or vehicle for further investigation (Florida pronounce University constab ulary Review, Summer (2006), Vol. 33, Issue 4, 1239-1248). Im compelled to agree with officer Smith in this instance. The driver demonstrated reckless behavior, presenting exigent circumstances for Officer Smith to give chase to this vehicle. According to The Cornell Law Library, an exigent circumstance is a circumstance that requires an immediate response.It occurs when police officers believe they have probable cause and there is no time to obtain a warrant. (Exigent circumstance), Cornell Law School Library 2013) Being that the chase ended with a surd crash, Officer Smith did respond immediately to the situation. Furthermore, our scenario goes on to explain that Officer Smith feared that the car might catch on fire from the leaking gasconade tank. She pulls out the driver from the vehicle and goes back to get her purse for identification. It is then that Officer Smith sees that the glove box has popped open and in it was a part with documents on top of it. We are asked to thi nk about if the composition was in plain view and if it was de jure obtained? Since I am just a Criminal Justice student, I would have to say plausive to both. I say that in full confidence because it is legal for an officer to enter a vehicle at the motion-picture show of an accident to process without an issued search warrant. Without rummaging through the vehicles contents, the officer sees a weapon or narcotics. point with the use of a flashlight, it is still considered legal.Just because something is hidden behind darkness, doesnt mean it wouldnt be seen during daylight, right? The other permissible circumstance regarding the plain view doctrine is, if the officer moves him or herself around to take a look. The object in plain view (without a complete(a) search) can be seized and is admissible evidence in court. The fact that the blast was seen through the documentation clearly shows that it was in plain view and didnt have to be searched for. Officer Smith goes on to find the drivers purse. In an attempt to localise the drivers identification, she finds a baggie of Marijuana in the drivers purse. Although I do not believe that this will uphold as evidence in this case, it may present the driver with another set of charges against her. Perhaps the driver may get charged with possession of an illegal substance?However, I sincerely feel that Officer Smith did not have the right to search for anything other than the drivers license, even though she did find the Marijuana in the purse. In my studies it would be considered Fruit of the Poisonous Tree. Although Officer Smith was legally allowed to enter the vehicle without a search warrant and assist in identifying the driver, I believe that the retrieval of the cannabis will not be permissible in court for the reasons Ive stated above. Our scenario also goes on to state that it was later found that this vehicle was not the vehicle involved in the death of the officer. It also states that it was dete rmined that the taillight was not in fact broken.One might question or argue at this point, whether the entire scenario is justifiable or necessary? From my point of view it was in all correct. The officer had a valid reason to pull the car over. She had reasonable suspicion for a Terry Stop. Her reasonable suspicion then off-key to probable cause when the driver fled the sight without presenting the officer with what shed asked for. The officer then acted within a responsible manner to help the driver out of the crashed vehicle. After all, law enforcement is there to protect and serve our community. The firearm was in plain sight of the officer while she tried to locate the drivers identification. Nothing except the search and seizure of the contents of the purse violated the rights of the driver nor incriminated the police officer.It is in my belief that Officer Smith couldve called for backup or help once she found the scene of the accident. She couldve taken the purse out of t he vehicle and even seized the gun. However, she had time to obtain a warrant to search the purse. In instances like we have just gone through, it is interesting to see just how knowledgeable each fraud is with their rights and responsibilities. We see these cases often in the news and some do not even make it to trial because either a right was violated or a piece of evidence was gathered with some mistake made in obtaining it. Dont interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties.- President Abraham LincolnReferencesExigent Circumstance Def.1, In Legal Information Institute, Cornell Univeristy Law School Libarary. Retrieved February 13, 2013, fromhttp//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/exigent_circumstancesPlain placement Doctrine Def.1, In Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School Library. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/plain_view_doctrineReasonable Suspicion Def.1. In L egal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School Library. Retrieved February 13, 2013, from http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/reasonable_suspicionStuckey, G., Roberson, C., & Wallace, H., (2006). Procedures in the Justice System (8th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson/Prentice Hall.Florida State University Law Review, Summer (2006), Vol. 33, Issue 4, 1239-1248, Retrieved February 14, 2013, from http//www.heinonline.org.lib.kaplan.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/flsulr33&div=61

Nature vs. Nurture in Oliver Twist Essay

divulge of all the questions that anyvirtuoso whitethorn have for the novel, Oliver Twist, one of the more common questions that dissolve occur is What determines a persons personality, decisions, actions, etc. Is spirit to strike? Or is it nurtures fault? Seeing as though Oliver was orphaned at birth and never had a real catch or siblings to look up to, this essay will focus on the nurture section of the question. Nurture, by definition, is the value of experiences, cultural influences, and learned actions/reactions in a growing offsprings sustenance. Nature is defined as the qualities with which people are born (including genetic make-up, stable personality traits, animals instincts, etc.) Oliver had some bad influences to decide that it whitethorn have been nature that had affected him the approximately in this situation. In all cases, the nature vs. nurture debate is one and the same.Caring for a child most assiduously is very important, tally to the definition of nurt ure, and within the story of Oliver Twist, the child never seemed to receive straitlaced nurturing from any of the parochial people or thieves that he had accompanied. devil writes the geek of Oliver in a way that seems to cement his stance in natures court that Oliver shape ups to be an innately good person. His experiences in the workhouse, the maltreatment he has to endure from Mr. Bumble and other characters, and his exposure to a life of crime does not make Oliver turn from good to bad. However, to assume that Dickens supports the idea that only nurture is responsible for determining a persons personality would be incorrect. In fact, other characters within the novel, call down that they are products of their environments.This means that characters such as Nancy, the Artful Dodger, and others have been mould by their experiences, which clearly supports nurtures side of the debate. From a scientific point of view, most psychologists agree that neither nature nor nurture crowd out be held completely responsible for the shaping of a persons personality. When faced with the nature vs. nurture debate in real situations, it is typically assumed that personality can be attributed partially to nature and partly to nurture. At first glance many of Dickenss characters appear to favor either nature or nurture, but further investigating shows that each character embodies traits that can be attributed to twain.In Oliver Twist, Dickens draws the assist to numerous issues. For example, there is a very clear theme of disapproval of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act (and its accompanying effects) throughout then novel. And bandage most of the other issues that Dickens includes in his writing are societal, he does bring up an interesting debate that has psychological roots. Although Oliver is surrounded by horrible situations, Dickens still had a tone of hope underscoring it all. At points, there were questions if that was because the reader knew what would happ en in the end. But Dickens intend Oliver Twist to be somewhat humorous.For example, by illustrating the dichotomy of the wealthy, fat parish leaders feasting while orphaned workhouse children starve on gruel. In conclusion, both sides to the debate of whether or not Oliver was most affected by nature or nurture remains to the opinion of the reader. Of course there may be certain circumstances as to which side the reader may favor and Dickens had probably pursued that route, intending for the reader to decide Olivers fate. The nature vs. nurture argument pertains to anyone who wishes for a good debate in their reading selections of Charles Dickens.

Jollibee acquire mang inasal

Jollibee acquires Mang adenoidal The countrys biggest food retailer is acquiring majority control of a fast-growing barbeque fastfood kitchen range in a continuing bid to beef up its clientele portfolio. Jollibee Foods Corporation OFC) disclosed to the Philippine Stock Exchange that it is acquiring 70% of the sh atomic number 18s of Mang nasal for Php3 billion. This came as a surprise to many people, which stockbrokers, analysts, investors, and ordinary consumers. Mang nasal found success as a fastfood chain offering grill chicken. Started in 2003, the company now has 303 stores in the Philippines, all but 24 of which are ranchised outlets.It has revenues of P2. 6 billion and system-wide sales of P3. 8 billion a year. Jollibee said it would pay P200 million in downpayment to the owner of Mang nasal Philippines, lnJap Investments, light-emitting diode by Edgar Sia Ill. Around 90% of the balance will be paying(a) upon closing of the agreement, with the remaining 10% to be paid thr ee eld onward after the deal is reached. The parent company will overlay to hold 30% of Mang nasal. The news comes in the heels of a recent contract from Jollibee that it will terminate its Delifrance franchise unitin 2011 and news that Mang nasal will go ublic (Initial Public Offering) also next year.Jollibee Foods Corporation, as of July 31, 2010, has a total pattern of 1,582 store branches in the Philippines Jollibee (702) Chowking (406) Greenwich (221) Red Ribbon (215) Delifrance (23) and Manong PepeS (15). Reasons why Jollibee acquires / Bought Manq Inasal Jollibee considered Mang nasal to a greater extent of a threat than Mcdonalds. This is mainly because Mang nasal was one of the few eatery chains that would put up a branch anywhere in that respect was a Jollibee. If you think about it theres definitely an overlap between the customers of Jollibee and Mang nasal.These are the people ho want value for their money and nothing overcome Mang nasals Unlimited Rice (especial ly for Filipinos). In order to strengthen their market in the fast food industry, Jollibee started to veer their focus. Instead of focusing on how to cope with their customers more and improving their products, they increased their profits abundantly by buy other food companies. get together and acquisitions seemed to have been an effective strategy for Jollibee not only because of its dominance but also because of numerous other reasons . Merging and acquisitions increases revenue through decreased manufacturing and human labor cost.

Ot Regarding Entering Canadian Market Succesfully

OPPORTUNTIES AND THREATS Regarding entering the Canadian commercialise successfully with Douwe Egberts new product Grannie Annies hottish chocolate milk. A SWOT-analysis (strength, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) is an analysis based on strength and weaknesses on one side, and opportunities and threats on the other side, choices are made. A SWOT-analysis can be used any internal or external. Both analyses together can be set together as a situational analysis. The outcome of this analysis can be the input of the SWOT-analysis. STRENGHTS Since there is a cold climate in Canada, the popularity of hot beverages is high compared to every other drink, leading to a high demand. Canadas stable economy The good financial state of Douwe Egberts could be an good over the competitors. The effective distribution strategies. High fibre product. Good customer relationship management. Canada-European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement, this harmony is aimed at eliminating all tariffs on goods. WEAKNESSES Profitability may suffer as a result of strong competition in the Canadian market. eagle-eyed distribution channels (e redundantly to Canada) OPPORTUNITIES Outplay other coffee tree brands by introducing special products like Grannie Annies. Extend product line with other products for non-coffee drinkers take in new coffee houses on strategic points Create brand commitment by making sure customers get the experience needed from drinkable Grannie Annies Keep developing new products for customers Pick score target group. (Starbucks aims for couples age 25-54 with children, who tend to spend more on non-alcoholic beverages outdoors) Douwe Egberts should non copy the strategy of competitors but create something unique. THREATS argument of businesses who are on the Canadian Market (Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Krispy Kreme, McDonalds, Burger King). Lack of advertisement ever-changing prices in Coffee market By only entering the market wit h Grannie Annies you probably wont get very far. violate target group Developments A development of the surroundings of the costumer ordain eventually turn into a need that customers will most liable(predicate) get to have ease and more user-friendly coffee machines, publicity and more.Next to this, sustainability is getting more and more important to customers. DE is known for their sustainability and fairness regarding coffee bean farmers. This can be used for Grannie Annies too, regarding cacao farmers. Also, the sustainability of transport is important and has to be done as carefully as possible. DE Looks forward to train their own coffee and cacao farmers so that the quality can be guaranteed. Also, sustainability can be higher when DE trains own farmers.

New Heritage Doll Company Write-up Essay

Introduction bleak hereditary pattern razz partnership is a firm that has ventured into doll mathematical product which has sought to extend its differentiate in order to broaden its market frame maneuver and more importantly greatize on high-pitched levels of customer loyalty. The vice president of the Company, Emily Harris, is to forrader her pouch proposal to the Budgeting Committee for evaluation. The Vice-presidents objective for proposing the regurgitate was establish on potential to strengthen the Companys division of end product and drive future growth. Emily Harris has to produce a compelling purport to negate the committee from declining the proposal.Basis of AssessmentThere be two labors amidst which the club shadow choose from or drop the proposals in their entirety. The methods of project evaluation would be based on discounting property flows analysis and thereafter determining the Net Present Value (NPV) of each of the proposed project with inner(a ) Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability top executive and Payback breaker point. If the project has a positive NPV, it would suggests the project is generating more cash than is required to service the debt and fork oer the appropriate consecrates thus, the higher NPV, the better it is for the club. The project proposal with the positive and highest NPV, IRR and lucrativeness index number along with the shortest payback period would be pass judgmentable for investment. New Heritage hoot Company managed to produce a expectant budgeting mental synthesis in order to evaluate the revenue gene set upd in the annulus industry. It is intelligibly evident that a segment of the dame industry gene deems income progressively with an increase rate of 4.6%. Cash flows forecast is used to capture the incremental put in of a proposed project in order to acknowledge the breakeven point and advance or loss time frame.If the keep company continues with its investment in the play and g ame segment, it is going to fuck off the economies of scale and have high operational profits. However, for a companyto embrace a nonher project proposal, it has to evaluate its fiscal capacity to fund the project. Thus, any project which does non generate evidential revenue, the company must cultivate the capital rationing. Similarly, the company must sh be some factors in the assessment of projects gamble, such as whether the project products required b atomic number 18-assed traders or consumers who are willing to accept the goods or services rendered by the company where the project proposal requires high level of the hardened costs, the project to be appraised is at very high risk considering such costs do not generate high returns sensitivity of the selling price of the finished goods, and high level of breakeven toil volumes. The prudent way to evaluate the companys feasibility whether or not to invest on a new venture is by analyzing the returns or the operating pro fits. If the firms expects to experience some losses, it should reject the proposal. However, if the firm is operating at a breakeven point, the company may have the option to forecast whether it is an on-going concern.Problem IdentificationThe Heritage Doll Company is appraising two proposed projects, adjoin My Doll vestments and origination Your stimulate Doll. Emily Harris, vice president of the companys achievement division must have compelling reasons to influence the budgeting department to accept the project for implementation. The theoretical reasons behind Match My Doll turn to be implemented by the company budgeting committee is that the products produced fully match solely seasonal clothing for the young girls and their preferred doll the popularity of the companys product and it is the best time for expansion due to its popularity. The reasons for choosing Design Your stimulate Doll is that the companys products would have high correlation with the consumers the companys doll can be customized based on the tastes and preferences of the consumers enduring customer loyalty dolls demand a strong selling prospect and the companys potential to strengthen its future growth.However, the company is too limited to take this project due to several constrains including low production runs and volumes, limited gradation of customization increased manufacturing complication increase in production and development costs for the technology modification and infrastructure. One of the key distinctions between the two projects is that Design Your Own Doll and Match My Doll article of clothing are two mutually exclusive projects. Theircash flows are think and have the same function and they compete with each other substance that the acceptance of one project eliminates consideration of the other project.DCF and Sensitivity abbreviationThe Company should maximize on cash management by capital rationing on the project accepted. NPV of the project should b e implemented as it reflects the time value of money invested in the accepted project. Similarly this can be further elaborated by computation of IRR of both project proposal. The analysis was performed by comparing the two projects using the same fixed terminal growth rate of 3% because both projects include a terminal growth rate element. For both projects, it would also be upright to know how the terminal growth rate value is generated. Because the medium- risk projects in the production division received a discount rate of 8.4% in 2010, this rate was used for the Match My Doll costume take ups DCF analysis. Design Your Own Doll project is long-term project and it is considered to have a higher risk thus, the rate of 9.00% was used in the analysis. The results of the analysis are presented below.Design Your Own Doll Match My Doll robesNPV = $7,310.21The NPV is positive the project is feasible.NPV = $7,139.18The NPV is positive the project is feasible.IRR=18.24%IRR=23.6%Profi tability Index = 1.26Profitability Index = 2.03Payback Period = 9.3 yearsPayback Period = 9.2 yearRecommendationsFrom the Working Capital requirements assumptions, Design Your Own Doll requires a higher amount of working capital than Match My Doll Clothing however, the results of the analysis of the Operating Profit show that Design Your Own Doll line would generate a higher operating profit than thatof the Match My Doll Clothing line. Also, Design Your Own Doll generates higher cash flows compared to the Match My Doll Clothing and this is another argument for choosing Design Your Own Doll for its investment. From the NPV method standpoint, the NPV rule chooses a project in hurt of net dollars or net financial impact on the company thus, it can be easier to use when allocating capital. Also, NPV method requires an assumed discount rate and also assumes that this percentage rate will be stable over the life of the project. In the real world, this assumption does not always work beca use the interest rates are fluctuating.From the analysis, both of the projects are feasible plainly Design Your Own Doll has the higher NPV than the Match My Doll Clothing line. IRR method doesnt assume a discount rate and the honesty of the investment is purely a function of the internal inflows and outflows of that particular investment. However, IRR does not assess the financial impact on a firm it only requires meeting a minimum return rate. The internal rate of return is the most critical method to determine the decision option for accept the project proposal. Also, the highest operating rate of returns with the shortest payback period of the cost of capital is opted to be accepted.From the analysis, Match My Doll Clothing line has the higher IRR than the Design Your Own Doll line. In conclusion, even though both projects are feasible and Design Your Own Doll has the higher NPV, Match My Doll Clothing line project has a higher IRR, profitability index and a shorter payback p eriod. Thus, the budgeting committee should accept Match My Doll Clothing line instead of Design Your Own Doll since Match My Doll Clothing line has the higher IRR, profitability and the shortest payback period. The NPV of both proposals are not significantly different.

Analyse the Representation of the Figure of the Refugee

Sea these lines, the narrator connects the discourse on asylum with conditions of hospitality in his host country. In fact, Sales situation Is little better than MIS- cultivatable he describes himself as a stranger who Is only half brisk (BBS, 2). This rather pessimistic perspective may be rooted In his uncertain status of home on the one hand, and In his learning of only a Limited freedom on the other.In this dramatic- station of a refugee plight, Guarani demonstrates that, to use Derails words, the stakes of Immigration do not In on the whole rigor collide with those of hospitality which reach beyond the civic or properly political space (Deride 2005. 6). Conclusion What are we to make of Guaranis portrayals of refugee predicament in light of the earlier mapped out discourse of labeling? Does Guaranis novel as a matter of fact offer new representational alternatives to wide-spread stereotypes? I believe it does.To me By the Sea achieves a rare quality of credibleness when the fragmented plot illuminates the two protagonists intertwined pasts. In this way the narrative draws a shoo-historical framework of migrant which illustrates the mens present interpersonal relationship in Britain and their diametrical approaches to say- lump. Through exchanging memories both protagonists confront their excruciatingly knotted histories and generate an atmosphere of forgiveness. Moreover, the novels grounding in various settings of the British imperial attempt makes By the Sea a critique of colonialism and its legacy while illustrating the different lives

Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

Night by Elie Wiesel. Born in the town of Sighet, Transylvania, Eliezer is a young and strong minded individual, but doubts his ghostly beliefs. He and his family were taken from their home in 1944 to Auschwitz concentration camp, which was known as the Holocaust. Eliezer, being a dynamic character had gayy thoughts and feelings towards life and his father. His thoughts and trustingness always changed (Wiesel 33). But, he always tried to stay strong, hopeful and set for himself and his father.While in Auschwitz, Elie thought alot about how his life was changing (38). He went from a 13-year old deeply observant and very ghostly teen, into a wishing, confused and doubtful individual. Being dynamic changes you as a somebody and it affected the mood and t whiz of the story. Eliezers appearance wasnt actually mentioned in the story. But you could imagine what happened with eating just bread crusts, soup, and sometimes nothing to drink (54).When Eliezer broke his foot, he still hopped for survival on with his frail father (78). His belief and faith subsided the long they stayed in the camps. Others disjointed complete faith in their God that they trusted (66). It was every man for himself and they would do anything to stay alive, even kill. While staying in the camps Eliezer sometimes heady between life and death, to escape the hurt, torture, and pain. Once they were finally released free, no one thought of revenge (115).All they wanted was to eat and when they were no longer hungry, they still didnt think of revenge. Freedom and food were the only things left to think about (113). Eliezer is a young and strong-minded individual, but doubts his religious beliefs. Being a dynamic character means that you arent authentic about decisions and your mind is always changed. When Eliezer found the strength to get up and look at himself in the mirror, the gaze that looked back at him neer left him.

We Should Not Put Our Families in Nursing Homes

We should non beat our families in c be for root word finding To persuade my audience why they should non put their family fragments in a nurse home. Introduction Do you have a bun in the oven a hinder or elderly family member that foot not do for themselves? We as mass need to think roughly w here(predicate) we place our family members as far as nursing homes and facilities. Many of you may not have any dis commensurate family members, but I know you may have elderly family members, and you do not need to put your family member in a nursing home.I know this because I have been a nursing assistant for quaternity years and I also have a sister who has been a nursing assistant for three years and has done home wellness interest and nursing home services. I had two family members in a nursing home. One passed away and the other one did not go forth to recover until she came home. Central Idea I am here to convert you to that you should not put your family members in a nu rsing. Preview You should not put your family member in a nursing home because in a nursing home the ratio is 1 angel dust to 10-15 patients, your independency is limited, and the chances of your recognise ones improving are little to none.Body I. The first reason why you should not put your family member in a nursing home is because in a nursing home the ratio is one carefulnessgiver to go to fifteen patients. A. The biggest problem in a nursing home is that they are short of registered nurses and nurse aides. 1. concord to AHCA (American home care association) as of 2007 the emptiness rate for registered nurses at a nursing home was 16. 3% up to now some nursing homes have only one registered nurse for 50 to 70 patients notes Charlene Harrington, a professor of sociology and nursing at the University of California. . For nursing assistants, they have the most work. 3. They have the task of feeding, clothing, bathing, hygiene care, transporting, and these are just a few are the task done on a routine basis. 4. A caregiver does these tasks for more then six patients and over iniquity may have the minimum of decennary. Subpoint at one time that you have learned about this first risk taking at a nursing home, lets scarper on to my second reason I. The second reason why you should not put your family member in a nursing home is because their independence is limited. . When being in a nursing care facility your measure is limited. You have to get up, eat, and go to bed, etc. at a trusted time. 2. When in a home care setting, you can get when you penury or go wherever you want without having somebody telling you. This gives your family member a chance to live a normal life everyone else. 3. According to the book Elder care Choosing & Financing Long-Term Care by Joseph Matthews, one advantage of homecare is that you and family can better control the care you gather up and avoid the care you do not need or would not need. 4.In homecare services you ca n also avoid the risks of a family being abused, neglected, and thief. Subpoint Now that you have learned about these two risks of sending your family members to a nursing home, lets move on to my third reason. II. The third reason why you should not put your family reason member in a nursing home is because their chances of improving are little to none. 1. If it is not in the care send off the staff will not do it. This statement says that a caregiver will not take care of the family member any merely than then what is on a piece of paper. 2.Failure to supply comprehensive care plans was among was among the top most frequently cited deficiencies in nursing homes facilities in 2008, gibe to a November 2009 report co-authored by Harrington of UC San Francisco. 3. They may also not provide the care for your family member of their particular need, for example, physical therapy. If a patient is paralyze on one side or waist d declare, they may be ridding. In a home care setting, yo u will have your own social worker, a registered nurse that comes to the home to check on you, and can have therapy at your home or sign yourself up for therapy services.Being able to get out and move around whether the family member is in a wheelchair or not can help create a slight risk of things like depression, cancer, and bedsores. Conclusion In conclusion, you should not put your incapacitate or elderly family members in a nursing home because in a nursing home the ratio is one caregiver to ten to fifteen patients, your family member independence are limited, and the chances of someone improving in a nursing home are little to none.I am here to convince you that you should not put your family members in a nursing home, if you care about the needs for your love ones and want to avoid the risk of thief, neglect, and abuse. I urge you to better options for your loved ones and not a nursing home. diddle Cited Page Matthews, Joseph. Beat the nursing home trap A consumers guide to choosing & financing long-term care. Berkeley, CA Nolo press, 1990. Print. Matthews, Joseph. Elder Care A consumers guide to choosing & financing long-term care.Berkeley, CA Nolo press, 1990 and 1993. Print. Bornstein, Robert F. and Languirand, Mary A. When someone you love needs nursing home care. New York, NY. NewMarketPress, 2001. Print. Strickland, Britney. Personal Interview. 2 Nov. 2012. Scherzer, Lisa Ph. D. and Stives, David Ph. D. 10 things nursing homes wont tell you. N. P. 15 April 2010. Web. 29 Oct 2012

Environmental Impact of Textile Production – Handloom Production Is the Answer

D. Narasimha Reddy 1/11 surroundal impaction of Mechanised and Automated Textile Production Introduction The contri simplyion of motorized and automated manufacturing to various(a) milieual impacts is colossal. Environmental impacts from manufacturing industries discharge be seen much(prenominal) atomic number 18as as noxious chemicals, waste, vitality, and carbon emissions. Manufacturing in developed countries is too a heavy dropr of pee, and there let been many cases of air, weewee and lubricating oil contamination which stir led to much(prenominal) actions as cleanups, class actions befits and a variety of former(a)wise somatic liabilities.Environmental impact can be seen in completely phases of fabric work and make use of, from discover yield or do fictional characters to discarding a product after its useful life has ended. The physical environment is light uponed by these surgeryes, including re author depletion, taint and zip fastener use the biological environment, by considering what happens as a result of manufacture, and the social environment as it impinges on our psychological, physical and physiological comfort, as well as our mo pelfary well-organism.In recent years, stuff sedulousness in developed countries has been facing severe problems, the well-nigh serious of which ar those connected with pollution. In fact, governments moderate been bringing up environmental laws which strictly prohibit sewer water run off in rivers and lakes. This situation indeed burdens the material industries and in any case leads to increase in production costs. Textile Industry and Process Description The framework attention acknowledges multiple mathematical ope dimensionnes and activities.The four major textile trading trading operations be story organisation preparing and spinning crude(a) materials ( inbred and synthetic) texturizing man-make filament fibers. Fabric Formation warping and slashing re citation performing weave and knit operations. tight bear upon preparing the textile for discolour and finishing tinting, printing, and finishing operations. Product imposition cutting and sewing the model, performing final finishing operations. In the narrative validation attend, fibers atomic number 18 bound using spinning operations, grouping, and twisting.Staple fibers, intrinsic and man-made, are brisk for spinning through a combination of various bear upon steps such as blending, d in the altogethering, carding, opening, combing, and roving. Following drying operations, yarn whitethorn then be woven into fabric. From the spun or filament yarn, fabric is organise by knitting or weave operations. Yarn netmail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 2/11 can be processed directly through knitting operations but typically requires preparation for weaving operations. Preparation for weaving includes warping and slashing (sizing).Wet bear upon enhances appearance, durability, and serviceability of the fabric. chemic taint Textile production involves a number of unfaltering processes that whitethorn use solvents. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mainly arise from textiles finishing, drying processes, and solvent use. VOC concentrations vary from 10 milligrams of carbon per cuboidal meter (mg/m3) for the thermosol process to 350 mg carbon/m3 for drying and capsule process. Waste water from processes is a major source of pollutants.It is typically alkaline and has gritty school BOD5 (700 to 2,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L)) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) ( about 2 to 5 times the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) level), solids, oil and possibly toxic organics, including phenols (from disgraceing and finishing) and halogenated organics (from processes such as bleaching). Dye out fertilizeings are frequently natively colored and may check off heavy admixtures such as strapper and chromium. Pesticides empl oy on natural fibers are transferred to wastewaters during slipstream and scouring operations.Pesticides are likewise used for moth proofing, brominated flame retardants for synthetic fabrics, and isocyanates for lamination. Effluents might include pesticides (such as DDT and PCP), and metals (such as mercury, arsenic, and copper). Air emissions include dust, oil mists, acid vapors, odors, and kettle exhausts. change and production changes result in sludges from tanks and spent process chemicals, which may contain toxic organics and metals. Table 1 chemical substances and Chemical Categories Commonly Encountered in Textile Manufacturing Process Chemicals and Chemical Categories Dyeing/ publish ethene glycol, ertain glycol ethers, methanol, copper compounds, chromium compounds Desizing Certain glycol ethers Sizing Methanol search Biphenyl, xylene, certain glycol ethers Chemical Finishing Certain glycol ethers, methyl radical ethyl ketone, formaldehyde Coating Operations Dichl oromethane, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methylbenzene Article/Formulation Chromium compounds, copper compounds, methanol, Components antimony compounds Manufacturing/Processing Ethylene glycol, methanol, phenol, toluene, xylene, Aids biphenyl Reactants Diisocyanates, formaldehyde, methanol, phenol Source Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know get along Section 313 Reporting Guidance for the Textile Processing Industry, US Environmental Protection Agency, May, 2000 Chemicals are used for the removal of impurities from the fiber and for shape aliment. unreal filament fibers may be manufactured using chemicals. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 3/11 Processing of these fibers, known as texturizing, can result in the removal and subsequent release and other(a) waste management activities of chemicals from the fiber.Oils, lubricants, machine maintenance chemicals, and waste yarn and material are also released. Chemical sizing actors are added to the y arn by solution or complete/dry techniques and other chemical additives may be added to increase yarn softness and pliability. Chemicals are also used during fabric formation as fabric touch agents and equipment cleansing and maintenance chemicals. Fabric bear on agents include sizing agents and performance enhancing chemicals such as certain glycol ethers, ethene glycol, and methanol. These chemicals typically volatilize or are washed off during fabric formation. However, whatsoever may remain with the fabric throughout the fabric formation process and into the wet processing and finishing operations.Both fugitive and call for source air emissions containing chemicals typically occur during the slashing (sizing) operation or during fabric drying operations. This includes chemicals used as sizing agents or performance enhancing chemicals. sprinkle air emissions may also be generated during fabric formation. Effluents are generated from fabric cleaning and slashing operations used oil, lubricants, and other machine maintenance chemicals and equipment cleaning operations. Solid waste is also released from fabric formation. The primary source of solid waste is excess fabric material and scraps that may contain chemicals not volatilized or removed during fabric formation or chemicals brought on-site with the raw material (e. g. , antimony oxide used as a fire resistant).Dust containing chemicals is also generated during knitting or weaving operations, which when collected by air pollution control devices or by floor sweepings is a significant solid waste. During slashing operations, resi callable left hand in sizing agent or other chemical agent containers may be a source of chemicals. Fugitive emissions are most(prenominal) likely to result from slashing and drying operations when chemicals, such as methanol, evaporate. In wet processing, chemical agents, such as tarnishs, pigments, strength agents, and flame resistors are utilise through a water-inten sive process. Synthetic materials may be desized and search prior to dishonoring or printing. After preparation for wet processing, colour or printing can occur, followed by launder, drying, or heat setting. Printing operations typically do not use water.The final wet processing step is automatic and chemical finishing these operations are used to improve appearance, texture, and performance of the fabric. Dye application includes various dye types and methods. Dyes can be fixed to the textile chemically and/or physically. Dyes may be bonded to the fabric or precipitated by removal of a dye solubilizing agent. Color can be affixed through the use of pigments, solvents, and resin binders. For the textile application, wet processing operations are significant sources of chemical release. Typical chemicals include ammonia, certain glycol ethers, and methyl ethyl ketone. basic or solvent solutions are used during scouring.Solvents, although used in the past, are being replaced wi th aqueous chemicals. Bleaching agents and other chemical e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 4/11 additives are used during bleaching operations, however, these are usually not chemicals. Acids are used for neutralizing remaining caustic soda during mercerizing operations. During discolour or printing operations, chemicals such as solubilizing agents, dye carriers, salts, and fixing agents may be employed to accelerate the process or enhance the process effects. Chemicals used during finishing operations include optical brighteners, s very muchers, and flame resistant chemicals. Effluents are generated from spent process baths, solutions, and rinses.Process sewer waters include spent sizing solutions, scouring and dyeing baths, cleaning rinses, dyeing rinses, textile cleaning water, and mercerizing operations. Chemicals in textile sewer waters include dyes, pigments, and salts. Salts arrange in process effluents may be either raw materials (e. g. , metal compo und salts) or byproducts from neutralization or other chemical reactions (e. g. , nitrate compounds). Metal compounds such as copper compounds and chromium compounds are also commonly present. Other sources include equipment cleaning wastewater, container cleaning wastewater, and used lubricants and other machine operating aids. Cleaning solvents may become part of the wastewater after scouring operations and equipment cleaning.The US EPA has estimated that there are approximately 135 major source facilities, in US, in the printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles source category. The principal hazardous air pollutants emitted by these sources include toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methanol, xylenes, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, n- hexane, glycol ethers (ethylene glycol), and formaldehyde. Exposure to these substances has been demonstrated to run adverse health effects such as irritation of the eye, lung, and mucous m embranes, effects on the central nervous system, and damage to the liver. The EPA has classify dickens of the hazardous air pollutants, methylene chloride and trichloroethylene, as probable or feasible human carcinogens.Dyeing The art of textile dyeing dates back thousands of years, when dyes extracted from plants or sea snails were used to color cloth. Today, most dyes are synthetically manufactured, to date only 40-90% unquestionablely resides on the cloth. The residual dye is treated and carry through into our rivers and streams. World widely, it is estimated that this accounts for over 400,000 scores of dye per year. Colorfastness is a textile persistence standard that determines how stable the color is in a garment. Good colorfastness center the garment wont fade after one washing. rosin pretreatment is done for garments that require excellent colorfastness. Cationic fixatives could be used for overclothes garments where colorfastness to washing is moderate but colo rfastness to dry cleaning is high.Poor ghostwriter repeats are a major cause of economic loss and pollution in dyeing operations. An average dye worker makes 300 weighings per day. Sources of misunderstanding are many, e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 5/11 including sorption of moisture from the atmosphere which mien amout to up to a maximum of 20% error in dye weight. Other factors such as water quality, fiber variations, and the like also contribute to reworks and off quality. There needs to be a equaliser between improved productivity in dyeing, and the need to minimize water, cogency, and effluent discharge in the textile patience. There is a need to beat usage of dyes in improving flavors on textiles while optimizing water, dye and energy utilization.Under most circumstances, a mixture of dyes is utilised to touch the desired shade. This mover that a small number of dyes can be used to achieve an infinite number of colours, but also designates that achieving the exact shade desired requires some skill and can often entail redyeing with a shading addition to correct the shade. In extreme cases, the cloth can be stripped of colour and completely redyed, but this is an environmental and commercial last resort. One of the root causes of problems in achieving the necessary shade is that if dyes in a mixture grant different dyeing profiles the shade and depth of dyeing may change with time and the clock of the dyeing process is therefore crucial.Thus, the difficulty associated with reliable attainment of shade and depth provides a hidden cost in production through reduced capacity and proportionately increases the environmental impact of reactive dyeing through the extra water, chemicals, energy and time needed to make a shading addition. Dyes and auxiliary chemicals used in textile mills are developed to be resistant to environmental influences. As a result, they are hard to remove from wastewater generated during the dyeing pro cesses. In India, the detrimental record of the synthetic dye industry has been recognised. The Central Pollution Control wag of India has included it in its hyper-red category reserved for the s eveningteen most polluting industries in the country. The true costs of synthetic dye production and application have never, to our knowledge, been assessed. According to the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, an estimated 80. 70 million litres of effluent water is discharged daily into the Noyyal River from dyeing and bleaching units in Tirupur. 2 water Consumption peeing is used extensively throughout textile processing operations. Textile operations vary greatly in water consumption. Water use can vary widely between similar operations as well. Almost all dyes, specialty chemicals, and finishing chemicals are applied to textile substrates from water baths. In addition, most fabric preparation steps, including desizing, scouring, bleaching, and mercerizing, use aqueous systems. The measuring rod of http//www. undp. org. in/Programme/Environment/natdye/dyejust. tm zipper Discharge interposition Options for Textile Dye Effluent A chemise Study at Manickapurampudur Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, S. Eswaramoorthi, K. Dhanapal1 and J. Karpagam expansive in India, No. 33, Anugraha Gardens, Central Studio Road, Trichy Main Road, Singanallur, Coimbatore-641005, India, 2004. 2 1 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 6/11 water used varies widely in the industry, depending on specific processes operated at the mill, equipment used, and prevailing management philosophy concerning water use. The various stages of textile production (from spinning, weaving and knitting, to dyeing and finishing) require enormous energy and water use. For example, 26. 5 gallons of water are needed to process 2. 2 pounds of textiles. Reducing water consumption in textile processing is important, due in part because excess water use dilutes pollutants and adds to the effluent load. Table 2 Water Use in Textile Processing Processing Water Use Water Use Subcategory Minimum, Median, gal/lb gal/lb of production of production Wool 13. 3 34. 1 Woven 0. 6 13. 6 Knit 2. 4 10. 0 spread over 1. 0 5. 6 Stock/Yarn 0. 4 12. 0 Nonwoven 0. 3 4. 8 Felted Fabrics 4. 0 25. 5 Water Use Maximum, gal/ lb of production 78. 9 60. 9 45. 2 19. 5 66. 9 9. 9 111. 8 Different types of processing machinery use different amounts of water, particularly in relation to the bath ratio in dyeing processes (the ratio of the mass of water in an exhaust dyebath to the mass of fabric). Washing fabric consumes greater quantities of water than dyeing.Water consumption of a batch processing machine depends on its bath ratio and also on mechanical factors such as agitation, mixing, bath and fabric turnover rate (called contact), turbulency and other mechanical considerations, as well as physical flow characteristics involved in washing operations. These factors all af fect washing efficiency. In ordinary, heating, wash, and dyebaths constitute the major portion of energy consumed in dyeing. Washing and rinsing operations are devil of the most common operations in textile manufacturing that involve significant water consumption. Many processes involve washing and rinsing stages. To gravel the fiber for one cotton diaper requires 105. 3 gallons of water, one T-shirt needs 256. 6 gallons of water, one bath pass over needs 401. 4 gallons of water, a mans dress shirt requires 414. 5 gallons of water, and 987 gallons of water are need for one pair of jeans. An average integrated textile mill produces 15 gobs of undone cloth per day. It uses a inwardness of approximately 3,840 cubic meters of water per day, including 1,680 cubic meters for finishing and processing, another 960 cubic meters for steam clean generation, and an 3 Source Sustainable Planet Solutions for the 21st Century, Cleaning the Closet Toward a New Fashion Ethic, Juliet Schor, November 2002 http//www2. bc. edu 4 California cotton wool Ginners and Growers Associations, cotton fiber Facts, http//www. ccgga. org e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 7/11 equivalent volume for religious service the workers colony and other domestic uses of water.The water used for finishing and processing results in contaminated liquid effluent of approximately 1,500 cubic meters per day. 5 In Tirupur, annually the textile industries alone utilize around 28. 8 billion litres of ground water. 6 An estimated 70 percentage of textile effluents and 20 percent of dyestuffs are still dumped into water supplies by global factories. qualification Consumption Textile manufacturers use energy as a raw material input to the manufacturing process or for some other role usually referred to as non-fuel use. Electricity consumption is increasing in textile mills. Textile manufacturers have to deal with rising energy supply costs. Dow Chemical Co. nd DuPont both recently announced theyre raising prices on just about everything they sell, from chemicals used in bathroom cleaners to freezer bags and kitchen counter tops, because of high raw materials costs. Testifying before Congress in October, 2005, Dow CEO Andrew Liveris said high prices for natural gas that Dow and other companies use for both fuel and raw materials have rendered the entire U. S. chemical industry uncompetitive. We simply cannot fence with the rest of the world at these prices, Liveris said, adding that Dow is shifting some work overseas. It undermines all U. S. manufacturing, because we supply all of U. S. manufacturing. Raw materials and energy account for 50 percent of Dows costs today, Liveris said.Energy costs were also a factor in layoffs at a Hanes Dye and Finishing plant in WinstonSalem and a Klaussner Furniture plant in Robbins, in Moore County in US. China was the enlarged reason, but energy costs make it difficult to compete in the global market, said Mike Vaughan, v ice president of operations and general manager for Hanes. Vaughan said the company uses a significant amount of natural gas to operate the machinery at its facilities. In the past three years, he said, the costs have tripled. 7 In Indian textile industry, energy accounts for an estimated 12%-15% of total cost of production. It was estimated that the energy saving potential is as high as 23%. 8 The TextilesCommittee has labourn up a programme to help processing units in Tirupur reduce their energy costs. Committee sources told The Hindu9 that three small-scale dyeing units, that were members of the Mannarai Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), had been selected for this purpose. The project has three phases. This project Pakistan Environmental Impact of Cotton Production and Trade, Tariq Banuri, Copyright 1999 International Institute for Sustainable Development, Canada 6 Ibid 2 7 http//www. newsobserver. com/102/story/374287. html, 16th March, 2006 8 http//www. renewingindia. o rg 9 The Hindu, 22nd January, 2004 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com 5 D.Narasimha Reddy 8/11 was taken up in draw with the School of Energy of the PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, under the cluster development programme of the committee. Sources explained that power, steam and water consumed by these units for processing one kg of fabric were estimated. During the original phase, energy auditing had been carried out in the three units. The energy consumption and the developed requirement were estimated in each of the participating units. Under the second phase, the areas that required corrective action were identified. Measures that had to be taken by the units and the cost implications were also recommended to them.Growth in artificial type over natural part Fibres are transformed into yarn through spinning for natural and amalgamate yarns or drawing and texturising for synthetic filament yarn production. Yarn is weaved into cloth. The process of fabric formation or we aving comprises preparatory activities followed by actual weaving on the loom. The preparatory process includes winding, warping, sizing, drawing-in and denting. The sheets of yarn thus prepared are then converted into fabric on the looms. This weaved cloth or fabric is stitched into garments or sold in other forms of finished textiles. These stages of manufacture have various levels of automation possible as an expediency from the basic process.Textile fibres are predominantly of two types natural and manmade (see go out Basic Threads). Based on the source, natural fibres, in turn, can be those derived from animals, vegetables or minerals. On the other hand, manmade fibres are produced in the fibre form by application of mainly chemical processes on the course occurring substances (like hydrocarbons). The textile industry uses vegetable fibers such as cotton, animal fibers such as wool and silk, and a wide range of synthetic materials such as nylon, polyester, and acrylic pain ts. The production of natural fibers is approximately equal in amount to the production of synthetic fibers.Polyester accounts for about 50% of synthetics. Manmade fibres fall in two categories synthetics and cellulosics. Synthetic fibres are primarily made from petrochemicals whereas cellulosics are mainly regenerated timberland pulp with chemical and physical treating. These fibres can be either long, exceedingly strong yarn called filament yarn (which is oriented and fully raddled and is straight) or in staple form (much smaller in duration and crimpy like natural fibres). Filament yarns are woven or knit as they are. They are also woven into fabrics of textured yarn by combining with other types of filament yarns, twisting yarns and texturing in accordance with the stimulate of the product.The filament yarns are processed into circular, triangular, oval, hollow and other cross-sections that have even better properties. The staple fibres can be easily blended with other type s of fibres. They are woven into fabrics by blending with cotton, wool and linen fibres to suit the aim of the product. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 9/11 The principal manmade fibres include polyester, nylon, acrylic and viscose. Chemically, polyester (or many esters) is primarily a family of polymers wherein the monomers belong to the category esters. The most commonly used polyester is the polymer of diglycol terephthalate and is called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Nylon is a group of polymers, which can be classified as polyamides.Today several types of nylon are produced with properties tuned to meet customer specifications. The most commonly used ones are nylon-6 (which is manufactured from caprolactam) and nylon66 (made from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine). The special characteristics of manmade fibres unite with availability and cost factors have seen an enormous increase in their use in the global textile industry. Fibres consumption (and consumption of related goods) has been growing at an astonishing rate. Consumption per capita of fibres has been growing steadily passing from 3. 7 kilos in 1950 to 9 kilos in 2002. The evolution of manmade fibres in the textile industry has been phenomenal.Production of artificial fibres outnumbers natural fibres since the beginning of the 1990s. In 2002, natural fibres production was at 22. 5 million tons against 33. 6 for man made fibres. Table 3 World fibre production/Consumption per capita10 year Natural Manmade TOTAL Population Consumption * 000 billion** kg / capita tons 2002 22. 463 33. 657 56. 120 6,23 9,0 2000 21. 504 31. 147 52. 651 6,08 8,7 1990 21. 460 19. 380 40. 840 5,28 7,7 1980 15. 227 14. 301 29. 528 4,46 6,6 1970 13. 484 8. 394 21. 878 3,71 5,9 1960 11. 607 3. 367 14. 974 3,04 4,9 1950 7. 723 1. 681 9. 404 2,56 3,7 * Ramie, flax, hemp, jute, sisal and coir (fibre prepared from the husk of the coconut) not included. * World world Comparing the domestic consumpti on patterns of fibres in India and China, two of the largest textile players on the global market, the imbalance is evident. In India, the textile industry covers a wide range of economic activities and has a significant role in the deliverance of the country. In 2003, it was growing at the annual rate of 5%. In the meanwhile, the per capita consumption of textile fibre in India is one of the lowest (2. 5 kg) in the world. In China, the consumption of textiles is booming. Synthetic fibre yarns are in the top fifty import commodities. In 2003 China imported 710,000 tons of cotton yarn and almost all Source 2003/feb/25bud20. htm 10 www. indo-rama. net/FiberYear2002. pdf www. rediff. com/money/ e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 10/11 luxury yarns and fibres are imported. During the selfsame(prenominal) year, Chinas quantity per capita of processed chemical fibre reached 10 kg, much higher(prenominal) than the worlds average. Chinas textile sector is predicted to ac hieve a 6. 0% growth to take its total fibre consumption to 14. 0 million tonnes by 2005 and its per capita fibre consumption from the 2001 level of 6. 0 kg to 8. 0 kg. In India, as yet there is no effort to quantify the overall environment impact of wet processing of man-made fibers, especially with respect to chemical components, processing formulations and the effluent produced from the process.It is known that pretreatment of cellulosic textiles is characterized by high consumption of chemicals, water, and energy along with great discharge of waster water. This is mainly due to carrying out pretreatment operations on separate steps with repeated washing operations after each step. Conclusion Clothes and other textiles can affect the environment to varying degrees throughout their life cycles. Before textiles reach the consumer, they have gone through many different chemical processes. They may be treated with chemicals to dye them, make them more hardwearing or wrinkle-resistant , or little flammable. Some of these chemicals are carcinogenic or may cause scathe to children even before birth.Others may trigger allergic reactions in some people. Some flame retardants that are used in certain textiles contain organic bromine compounds that are persistent (break down very slowly in the environment). The use of some dangerous chemicals in textiles is restricted such as azo dyes and formaldehyde. All textiles processes have an impact on the environment. The industry uses large amounts of natural resources such as water, while many operations use chemicals and solvents. All companies use energy, produce solid waste, discharge effluent and emit dust, fumes, etc to the atmosphere. Many textiles companies are located in rural areas where environmental protection assumes significance.While companies in developed countries are faced with progressively stringent legislative controls and rising water and other raw material costs, their competitors in developing countr ies are getting away by externalising the environmental costs. Efficient and effective use of raw materials and improved process operations are vital for Western companies to remain competitive. Pressure is also being exerted by suppliers and customers on such companies to reduce their environmental impact. Environmental aspects in the textile industry are typically addressed at the corporate level, and the environmental costs are viewed as corporate overhead, but in general not discussed at the national level.A more cost-efficient compliance with proper environmental guidelines is required for significant cost lessening on environment. e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com D. Narasimha Reddy 11/11 Environmental issues can no longer be ignored by the textiles industry and the government. Indian textile industry should realize that to remain competitive operating costs have to be reduced and environmental compliance has to be increased. Government should also integrate environmental go als into the national textile policy, and cannot have independent growth strategies, as environmental costs are proving to be a chase after on growth and development. The textile industry in Tirupur was expected to grow to achieve the targetted textile product export of US$ 50 one thousand million by the year 2010.But, such growth is now greatly hampered due to immense environmental damage caused to the Noyyal river, ground water system, and agricultural production, by the textile wet processing industries in Tirupur. 11 All these factors mean that environmental issues should be an essential part of textile growth policies. For Indian textile sector, the main drivers for environmentally benign growth can be Growth of handloom sector Competition Pressure exerted down the supply chain by the consumer Reducing production costs Meeting current and anticipate legislative requirements Concern for the global and local environment In India, a comprehensive approach has not been un dertaken before on environmental impacts of textile manufacturing and has never previously been associated with textile production and use.A comprehensive abridgment of the environmental impact of textile manufacturing activity should be done, which includes an analysis of the abjection by air pollution, wind, water and other agents. A complete assess of how developments in the textile industry and consumers of its products have affected the environment in the past needs to be taken up. This should also cover the most recent solutions adopted by the industry to alleviate the problems. This is important given up the high textile production targets post 2005, and the ways in which the industry is responding to the environmental challenge. It will help the national textile policy and the growth of textile industry as well. 11 Ibid 2 e-mail nreddy. emailprotected com